Cucurbits

Abstract

There are five cultivated species of the genus Cucurbita: C. pepo , C. moschata , C. maxima , C. argyrosperma , and C. ficifolia . Cucurbita is one of the most morphologically variable genera in the plant kingdom. Breeding of Cucurbita has played a key role in the variety and productivity of cultivars available to growers and consumers today. In addition to traditional plant breeding methods of transferring virus‐resistance alleles from wild to cultivated species of Cucurbita , scientists have developed and commercialized genetically engineered virus resistance in C. pepo . The center of origin for Cucumis species is likely Africa for the wild species, but initial sites of domestication for C. melo are likely in the Middle East. On the other hand, C. sativus may have originated in Africa, China, India, or in the Near East with domestication occurring later throughout Europe. Melon and cucumber's improved varieties have thus far been derived through traditional breeding, which has accomplished a wide range of improvements, including yield and disease resistance. Watermelon was thought to have originated in southern Africa. Most cultivated or edible watermelons belong to the species Citrullus lanatus . Over the past century, conventional breeding has tremendously improved earliness, plant architecture, fruit yield, quality, diversity, disease resistance, and shipping quality.

Vector bosons in heavy-ion collisions at the LHC

“…This region is suitable to study heavy quark energy loss and 2 A T = 1 GeV medium is usually considered for numerical illustrative calculations in extreme conditions. 3 αem stands for the electromagnetic coupling constant. 4 The radiative energy loss after one elastic interaction is…”

“…In addition, they will be sensitive to the quarks PDFs and to their nuclear modifications at Q 2 ≈ M 2 W (Z) . In this paper we focus on their production in heavy-ion collisions and, in particular, on their interest to study the formation [4,5] σ Z N N × BR µ + µ − [nb] 1.9 [3] 0.63 [4,5] and properties of the Quark Gluon Plasma (QGP). Vector bosons do not interact strongly, but is it a sufficient condition to consider them as medium-blind references?…”