Cucumber Sex Expression Modified by 2-Chloroethanephosphonic Acid

McMurray, A. L.; Miller, C. H.

doi:10.1126/science.162.3860.1397

Cited by 82 publications

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“…Treatment of cucumber plants with ethephon or with ethylene promoted the development of female flowers (McMurray and Miller 1968, Rudich et al 1969, Iwahori et al 1970. Inhibitors of both ethylene action and biosynthesis suppress female flower development (Beyer 1976, Atsmon andTabbak 1979).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Expression of Two 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-Carboxylate Synthase Genes, CS-ACSI and CS-ACS2, Correlated with Sex Phenotypes in Cucumber plants (Cucumis sativus L.).

Kamachi

Mizusawa²,

Matsuura³

et al. 2000

Plant Biotechnology

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Ethylene regulates the sex expression in cucumber plants (Cucumis sativus L.). We examined expression of two 1-aminocyclopropane-1-Carboxylate (ACC) synthase genes, CS-ACS1 and CS-ACS2, at the apices of isogenic gynoecious (FF) and monoecious (ff) cucumber lines. The transcripts of CS-ACS1 and CS-ACS2 were detected at the apices of gynoecious line. On the other hand, only the CS -ACS2 transcript was detected at the apices of monoecious line . The expression of CS-ACS2 at the apices was localized to the floral buds that would develop into female flowers. These results suggest that the differentiation of female flowers at the apices of isogenic gynoecious and monoecious cucumber plants is regulated by the levels of both CS-ACS1 and CS-ACS2 mRNA at the apices.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Expression of Two 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-Carboxylate Synthase Genes, CS-ACSI and CS-ACS2, Correlated with Sex Phenotypes in Cucumber plants (Cucumis sativus L.).

Kamachi

Mizusawa²,

Matsuura³

et al. 2000

Plant Biotechnology

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“…Recently it was found that Ethrel2, which releases ethylene in the presence of plant tissues (31), is remarkably effective in increasing femaleness in cucumber (14,16,24,25,30). The experiments reported here were initiated to study the effects of ethylene, Ethrel, gibberellins, growth retardants, and inhibitors on sex expression in cucumber.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Applied auxins, especially a-naphthaleneacetic acid, induce femaleness (8,13,15), whereas gibberellins induce maleness (8,23,27 Recently it was demonstrated that in some plant responses auxin may exert its effect through ethylene evolution (29) and that gibberellins have generally an opposing effect to ethylene (28). Since it has long been known that unsaturated hydrocarbons (17, 18,19) induce femaleness in cucumber, it appears that ethylene, the most potent unsaturated hydrocarbon affecting plants (4), may be the active factor for inducing femaleness.Recently it was found that Ethrel2, which releases ethylene in the presence of plant tissues (31), is remarkably effective in increasing femaleness in cucumber (14,16,24,25,30). The experiments reported here were initiated to study the effects of ethylene, Ethrel, gibberellins, growth retardants, and inhibitors on sex expression in cucumber.…”

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Sex Expression in Cucumber Plants as Affected by 2-Chloroethylphosphonic Acid, Ethylene, and Growth Regulators

1970

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The effects of 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid (Etlhrel), etlhylene, and sonie growth retardants oii sex expression of enlcumber plants (Cuctumis sativtrs L.) were investigated, with the use of a monoeciouis ctultivar (Improved Long Green) w-hichi has a strong tendency toward nmaleness.Ethrel caused iincreased femaleniess whlen applied at 50 milligram-s per liter at the first to the third leaf stage, but when applied at the cotyledon stage it was ineffective. The later the timne of application, the hiiglher the niode at which the first female flower appeared. Thie total number of female flowers was abouit the same regardless of applicationi time. A mixture of gibberellins A4 anld A7 caused maleness, and Ethrel caused femaleness. hlowever, whent applied in combination at the first leaf stage the initeraction was not significant. It seems, therefore, thiat Etlirel and gibberellins are not antagoniistic buit rather hav-e (lifferent sites of action, although they have opposing effects oni sex expressioni.Ethylene caused femaleness but was far less effective than Ethrel, Alar (N-dimiietihylamiinosucciinamic acid), CCC ((2-chloroethyl)trimethylamnmonitum clhloride), Phosphon D(2, 4-dichlorobenzyl-tributtylplhosphlotnitnm chloride), alnd abscisic acid did niot affect sex expressioni of cucumiiiber.Cucumber flower buds, which differentiate in leaf axils of main shoots, are bisexual in their early developmental stages. Later they develop into either staminate (male) or pistillate (female) flowers (1,7,12). In monoecious varieties male flowers differentiate at the lower nodes, followed by female flowers at the higher nodes. The number of nodes to the first female flower and total number of female flowers are both reliable indices of sex expression.Although sex expression in cucumber plants is determined genetically, it is modified by several environmental factors. High nitrogen, short days, low light intensity, and low night temperature are among the factors which favor femaleness. Reverse conditions tend to cause maleness (11).The concept that sex expression of cucumber plants may be regulated by a balance between native auxins and gibberellins (2) is supported by two types of evidence. Applied auxins, especially a-naphthaleneacetic acid, induce femaleness (8,13,15), whereas gibberellins induce maleness (8,23,27 Recently it was demonstrated that in some plant responses auxin may exert its effect through ethylene evolution (29) and that gibberellins have generally an opposing effect to ethylene (28). Since it has long been known that unsaturated hydrocarbons (17, 18,19) induce femaleness in cucumber, it appears that ethylene, the most potent unsaturated hydrocarbon affecting plants (4), may be the active factor for inducing femaleness.Recently it was found that Ethrel2, which releases ethylene in the presence of plant tissues (31), is remarkably effective in increasing femaleness in cucumber (14,16,24,25,30). The experiments reported here were initiated to study the effects of ethylene, Ethrel, gibberellins, growth r...

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“…High endogenous auxin levels (2) are associated with female tendency, and exogenous auxin treatments (5) enhance the femaleness of cucumber plants, whereas high endogenous gibberellin levels are associated with maleness (1). Ethephon [(2-chloroethyl) phosphonic acid], which releases ethylene in plant tissues (11), also changes the sex expression of cucumbers, enhancing femaleness (6,10 Ethylene evolution was determined by gas chromatography using a Packard gas chromatograph equipped with a flame ionization detector and 36-X ¼-inch alumina column. Ethylene was determined in a 2-ml sample removed from a 30-or 100-ml vessel in which the tissue was incubated for 2 hr at 25 C at a light intensity of 600 ft-c.…”

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Ethylene Evolution from Cucumber Plants as Related to Sex Expression

1972

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Sex expression is also influenced by growth regulators (8, 9). High endogenous auxin levels (2) are associated with female tendency, and exogenous auxin treatments (5) enhance the femaleness of cucumber plants, whereas high endogenous gibberellin levels are associated with maleness (1). Ethephon [(2-chloroethyl) Ethylene evolution was determined by gas chromatography using a Packard gas chromatograph equipped with a flame ionization detector and 36-X ¼-inch alumina column. Ethylene was determined in a 2-ml sample removed from a 30-or 100-ml vessel in which the tissue was incubated for 2 hr at 25 C at a light intensity of 600 ft-c. The vessels containing 1 ml of water were sealed with rubber stoppers through which the sample was drawn. The instrument was calibrated with a 1 ,ud/l ethylene standard. The data presented are from different experiments for each table.RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Ethylene evolved from young seedlings was determined in explants cut from the hypocotyl region 1 cm below the cotyledons. The data in Table I show that 11-day-old explants of the monoecious and gynoecious types evolve similar quantities of ethylene. In plant apices tested 19 days after germination, more ethylene was evolved by the gynoecious type (Table II), and the quantities were especially large under short day conditions which promote femaleness.

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Cucumber Sex Expression Modified by 2-Chloroethanephosphonic Acid

Cited by 82 publications

References 1 publication

Expression of Two 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-Carboxylate Synthase Genes, CS-ACSI and CS-ACS2, Correlated with Sex Phenotypes in Cucumber plants (Cucumis sativus L.).

Expression of Two 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-Carboxylate Synthase Genes, CS-ACSI and CS-ACS2, Correlated with Sex Phenotypes in Cucumber plants (Cucumis sativus L.).

Sex Expression in Cucumber Plants as Affected by 2-Chloroethylphosphonic Acid, Ethylene, and Growth Regulators

Ethylene Evolution from Cucumber Plants as Related to Sex Expression

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