“…Thus far, HPT has been regarded not only as an SPD method in metallurgy, but also as an important scientific tool in many fields of science and engineering (Perez-Prado et al, 2008;Leiva et al, 2010;Nie et al, 2010;Gao et al, 2011;Mine et al, 2011;Popov et al, 2012a;Estrin and Vinogradov, 2013). HPT processing has been applied to many kinds of materials, such as metallic and intermetallic materials, and metal-based, polymer-based, and ceramic-based composites (Towle and Riecker, 1969;Shabashov, 1995;Huang, 2007;Hohenwarter and Pippan, 2011;Tugcu et al, 2012;Edalati et al, 2013;Kawasaki et al, 2014a;Langdon, 2015;Medvedev et al, 2018;Danilenko et al, 2021;Xiong et al, 2021). Compared with traditional thermomechanical processing methods, such as forging, extrusion, and rolling, HPT has the advantage of extensive cumulative strain, which can refine the microstructure to submicrometer or nanometer range.…”