“…Chemical fertilizer uptake efficiency in plants is low due to fixation of nutrients with other soil composites or run off due to precipitation leading to a growing anthropogenic eutrophication issue (Smith et al, 1999; Hautier et al, 2014). To address these challenges, nanoparticles have been researched for use as insecticides (Wibowo et al, 2014), fungicides (Becker et al, 2010; Capaldi Arruda et al, 2015; Saharan et al, 2015) and nanofertilizers (DeRosa et al, 2010; Raliya and Tarafdar, 2013; Liu and Lal, 2014, 2015; Raliya et al, 2014, 2016; Tarafdar et al, 2014). While there has been a significant push to engineer beneficial nanoparticles, there are also unintentional exposures and releases of nanoparticles from various industries that may end up in the ecosystem (Biswas and Wu, 2005; Yang et al, 2014).…”