CTA Atmospheric Calibration

Abstract

Abstract. The main contribution to the systematic uncertainties of Atmospheric Imaging Cherenkov Telescopes (IACTs) currently stems from the uncertainty in the determination of atmospheric properties for a given moment of observation. This technique uses the atmosphere as a calorimeter of gamma-ray induced atmospheric air showers and measures the amount of Cherenkov light collected by large mirrors and focused towards a pixellized camera. Atmospheric conditions affect the measured Cherenkov light yield in several ways: the air-shower development itself, the variation of the Cherenkov angle with altitude and the loss of photons due to scattering and absorption of Cherenkov light. Although IACTs use to be located at astronomical sites, characterized by extremely clear atmospheric conditions, the local atmosphere should be continuously monitored, in terms of molecular density profiles, aerosol extinction profiles, and clouds. Moreover, a general understanding of the site and particularly aerosol climatology is desirable for a robust interpretation of the sensing instruments' data. Here, the strategy of the Cherenkov Telescope Array (CTA) on atmospheric monitoring is presented, designed to ensure that the related systematic uncertainties are brought down by at least a factor of two with respect to current installations. Additionally, a more intelligent scheduling scheme is aimed at, where source observations are selected using dedicated auxiliary atmospheric monitoring instruments and taking into account the feasibility of a later analysis according to the underlying scientific case. This plan should reduce data loss during offline data selection and enhance the effective duty cycle of the CTA.

Overview of Atmospheric Simulation Efforts in CTA

“…Atmospheric quality has a great impact on the airshower development itself, the variation of the Cherenkov angle with altitude, the loss of photons due to scattering and absorption of Cherenkov light out of the camera fieldof-view (see [3]). …”

“…To get this information CTA plans to use several instruments measuring the atmosphere -Raman LIDARs, the FRAM telescope, All-Sky-Cameras, Ceilometers, sun and moon photometers and radiosondes (see e.g. [13], [14], [15] or [16], for an overview see [3]). …”

“…All of these effects need to be studied by means of detailed Monte Carlo (MC) simulations. For a general overview of the influence of atmospheric conditions on the performance of an IACT, and the corresponding atmospheric calibration strategy for the CTA, see [3].…”

Effects of Lorentz invariance violation on cosmic ray photon emission and gamma ray decay processes

“…In the literature, one can find upper limits to E (n) LIV obtained by different techniques and approaches, even beyond the Planck scale, see for instance and Refs. within [12,21,22,23,24,25,26].…”

Site Characterization of the Northern Site of the Cherenkov Telescope Array

“…Now that site selection is accomplished and expected average observational duty cycle and performance established [14], the CTA-N is primarily interested in assessing molecular density profiles up to about 25 km a.s.l. and their variations, in understanding aerosol profiles and their optical characteristics, in order to trim its atmospheric calibration strategy [15].…”