CT evaluation of normal CSF spaces in children: relationship to age, gender and cranial size

Prassopoulos, Panos; Cavouras, Dionisis

doi:10.1016/0720-048x(94)90359-x

Cited by 15 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…These findings have also been reported as “benign external hydrocephalus” of infancy [Alvarez et al, 1986; Odita, 1992]. More recently, it has been shown that this type of external hydrocephalus is a normal CSF variant that can be observed in both normocephalic and macrocephalic infants [Prassopoulos and Cavouras, 1994; Prassopoulos et al, 1995]. In FM, the CSF spaces become normal by 3–4 years of age, but the OFC continues to develop at or above 2 SD.…”

Section: Classificationmentioning

confidence: 69%

Genetic disorders associated with macrocephaly

Williams

Dagli

Battaglia

2008

American J of Med Genetics Pt A

122

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Macrocephaly is associated with many genetic disorders and is a frequent cause of referral to the clinical geneticist. In this review we classify the commonly encountered macrocephaly disorders into useful categories and summarize recent genetic advances. Conditions where macrocephaly is a predominant aspect of the clinical presentation are discussed and a diagnostic approach to the common macrocephaly disorders is provided. Some emphasis is placed on familial macrocephaly (sometimes referred to as benign external hydrocephalus) and on the macrocephaly associated with autism spectrum disorders. The more recent conditions associated with the leukodystrophies and the organic acidurias are reviewed, but the well known conditions involving storage disorders and bone dysplasias are mentioned but not discussed. The genetic macrocephaly conditions cover a broad spectrum of gene disorders and their related proteins have diverse biological functions. As of yet it is not clear what precise biological pathways lead to generalized brain overgrowth. ß

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Section: Classificationmentioning

confidence: 69%

Genetic disorders associated with macrocephaly

Williams

Dagli

Battaglia

2008

American J of Med Genetics Pt A

122

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“…As no consensus exists, the definition of a normal subarachnoid space width varies in the literature: in infants (below 1 year of age) the upper limits of normal craniocortical width range from 4 to 10 mm [56, 59, 94, 99, 138] and in neonates from 3.3 to 5 mm [58, 111, 120]. The defined upper limit of the normal interhemispheric fissure width ranges from 6 to 8.5 mm, while the similar spectrum for sinocortical width is 2 to 10 mm [56, 59, 69, 94, 99, 131].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Benign external hydrocephalus: a review, with emphasis on management

et al. 2011

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Benign external hydrocephalus in infants, characterized by macrocephaly and typical neuroimaging findings, is considered as a self-limiting condition and is therefore rarely treated. This review concerns all aspects of this condition: etiology, neuroimaging, symptoms and clinical findings, treatment, and outcome, with emphasis on management. The review is based on a systematic search in the Pubmed and Web of Science databases. The search covered various forms of hydrocephalus, extracerebral fluid, and macrocephaly. Studies reporting small children with idiopathic external hydrocephalus were included, mostly focusing on the studies reporting a long-term outcome. A total of 147 studies are included, the majority however with a limited methodological quality. Several theories regarding pathophysiology and various symptoms, signs, and clinical findings underscore the heterogeneity of the condition. Neuroimaging is important in the differentiation between external hydrocephalus and similar conditions. A transient delay of psychomotor development is commonly seen during childhood. A long-term outcome is scarcely reported, and the results are varying. Although most children with external hydrocephalus seem to do well both initially and in the long term, a substantial number of patients show temporary or permanent psychomotor delay. To verify that this truly is a benign condition, we suggest that future research on external hydrocephalus should focus on the long-term effects of surgical treatment as opposed to conservative management.

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“…After performing direct linear measurements, the linear indices taking into account the differences in the size of the skull in children depending on the age were made by dividing the measured sagittal dimensions by the maximum sagittal internal dimension of the skull, and the measured transverse dimensions by the maximum transverse internal dimension of the skull. Indices were developed based on data obtained from the literature [9,12] with the authors’ modification. The gender of the respondents was not taken into account because, according to data from the literature, there are no differences in the values of indices describing fluid spaces between boys and girls [9].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Indices were developed based on data obtained from the literature [9,12] with the authors’ modification. The gender of the respondents was not taken into account because, according to data from the literature, there are no differences in the values of indices describing fluid spaces between boys and girls [9].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To assess the degree of expansion of the intracranial fluid spaces, mainly linear indices have been developed, reference values of which are used to determine both the degree of enlargement of fluid spaces as a result of progression of the disease, as well as the effectiveness of treatment. These indices relate mainly to the ventricular system, and their values are expressed as mean values obtained for individual age groups without specifying their ranges [9,10]. At present, attempts are being made to assess the volume of the ventricular system to more accurately determine the degree of its enlargement and the amount of cerebrospinal fluid accumulating.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evaluation of subarachnoid space and subarachnoid cisterns in children and teenagers based on computed tomography studies

Wilk¹,

Kluczewska²,

Likus³

2019

Pol J Radiol

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The aim of the study was to develop the normative values of linear indices to the diagnosis of changes in size of the subarachnoid space. Material and methods: Retrospective studies were conducted based on 507 head computed tomography (CT) exa minations in children from 018 years of age. In total 381 tests were selected for correct reference values. Patients were divided into age groups. For each group, linear indices were calculated, taking into account the size of the fluid spaces in relation to the size of the skull and then the mean with standard deviation, median, as well as 10 th and 90 th percentile were calculated. The range between the 10 th and the 90 th percentiles was defined as the reference value. Results: Obtained normative values, minimum and maximum for all groups: index of basal cistern size to the size of the skull-0.1290.197; index of basal cistern transverse dimension to the size of the skull-0.1730.255; index of basal cistern sagittal dimension to the size of the skull-0.0860.150; index of prepontine cistern-0.0340.067; index of interhemispheric fissure width-0.0440.127; index of Sylvian fissure-0.0360.085; index of insular cistern width-0.0200.074; index of subarachnoid space-0.0170.081. Conclusions: The linear indices can be calculated based on images achieved during routine CT examination. The ref erence values allow us to determine if the size of the subarachnoid space is within the normal range for a given age group. The results from the oldest age group can also be referred to the adults.

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CT evaluation of normal CSF spaces in children: relationship to age, gender and cranial size

Cited by 15 publications

References 13 publications

Genetic disorders associated with macrocephaly

Genetic disorders associated with macrocephaly

Benign external hydrocephalus: a review, with emphasis on management

Evaluation of subarachnoid space and subarachnoid cisterns in children and teenagers based on computed tomography studies

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