CSP on fluidized particles with a beam-down reflector: Comparative study of different fluidization technologies

Characterization and testing of solid particles to be used in CSP plants: Aging and fluidization tests

“…Other configurations combine the use of a beam-down reflector with an open fluidized bed [10]. In this case, the solar radiation is directly concentrated on the top of the bed of particles [11,26], which suffer high abrasion processes due to the high temperatures and the fluidization process.…”

“…With this technology, temperatures are able to theoretically reach more than 1000 °C without changing the storage material composition and structure, while high receiver efficiency can also be achieved due to direct solar absorption [8][9][10][11][12]26]. Figure 1 shows the free-falling receiver conceptualized by Sandia National Laboratories [8][9][10][11][12][13].…”

“…With this technology, temperatures are able to theoretically reach more than 1000 °C without changing the storage material composition and structure, while high receiver efficiency can also be achieved due to direct solar absorption [8][9][10][11][12]26]. Figure 1 shows the free-falling receiver conceptualized by Sandia National Laboratories [8][9][10][11][12][13]. Although a number of analytical and laboratory prior studies on the falling particle receiver were performed, the first set of on sun-tests of a simple particle receiver was also performed by Sandia National Laboratories [13].…”

Fluidized Beds for Concentrated Solar Thermal Technologies—A Review

“…FBs have been employed for solar energy applications, considering configurations operating in bubbling, spouted, circulating regimes (see Table 1, Types A-C "ordinary" configurations), and special and novel designs (Types D-J). Early studies successfully pioneered the application of ordinary FBs operated in the bubbling (Flamant, 1982;Bachovchin et al, 1983) and circulating (Koenigsdorff and Kienzle, 1991;Werther et al, 1994) inherent mobility of fluidized particles received further confirmation in subsequent studies (Flamant et al, 1988;Glicksman et al, 1988;Chirone et al, 2013;Pardo et al, 2014;Schwaiger et al, 2014;Salatino et al, 2016;Tregambi et al, 2016;Milanese et al, 2017a;Tregambi et al, 2018a;Briongos et al, 2018;Miller et al, 2018;Bellan et al, 2019a;Tregambi et al, 2019a;Almendros-Ibáñez et al, 2019;Zhang and Wang, 2019;Sulzgruber et al, 2020a;Díaz-Heras et al, 2020b;Sulzgruber et al, 2020b;Park et al, 2020;Wünsch et al, 2020). Moreover, FBs, if properly designed and operated, may provide an appropriate environment for solar-driven heterogeneous chemical processes.…”

Comparison of Li2CO3-Na2CO3-K2CO3, KCl-MgCl2 and NaNO3-KNO3 as heat transfer fluid for different sCO2 and steam power cycles in CSP tower plant under different DNI conditions

“…[21][22][23][24] Particle-based technologies include direct irradiative design (obstructed, free fall and centrifugal) and enclosed design (fluidized and fed by gravity). 25,26 New gas receivers include micro-channel design and optical trapping configurations due to which surface area of the receiver is increased, which in turn increases heat transfer and absorption of solar energy, thereby increasing fluxes as well as pressures. 27,28 Receivers having liquid HTF include high-temperature salts like halide (chloride and fluoride) and carbonate salts and some liquid metals (lead, bismuth and sodium).…”