Cocrystallization
can provide a potential route to usability for
active pharmaceutical ingredients that are eliminated in the drug
discovery process due to their low bioavailability. In this work,
cocrystals of urea and thiourea with glutaric acid and tartaric acid
were used as model systems to experimentally and computationally investigate
the intermolecular energy factors within heterogeneous molecular crystals.
The tools employed in this study were low-frequency Raman vibrational
spectroscopy and solid-state density functional theory (ss-DFT). The
sub-200 cm–1 Raman spectra give insights into vibrations
that are characteristic of the crystal packing and the intermolecular
forces within the samples. ss-DFT allows for the analysis of these
vibrations and of the specific energies involved in the collective
cocrystal. Moreover, ss-DFT permits the computational investigation
of hypothetical cocrystals, utilized here to predict the properties
of the unrealized thiourea:dl-tartaric acid cocrystal. These
analyses demonstrated that it is both experimentally and computationally
favorable for the urea and thiourea glutaric acid cocrystals to form,
as well as the urea:dl-tartaric acid cocrystal, when compared
to the crystallization of the pure component materials. However, changes
in the hydrogen bonding network yield a thiourea:dl-tartaric
acid cocrystal that corresponds to an energetic minimum on the potential
energy surface but has a Gibbs free energy that prevents it from experimental
formation under ambient conditions.