Crystallographic analysis of biphasic hydroxyapatite synthesized by different methods: an appraisal between new and existing models

Synthesis of nano-crystallite gypsum and bassanite from waste Pila globosa shells: crystallographic characterization

“…Along with phase identification, crystallographic parameters such as the crystallite size, crystallinity index, lattice parameters, unit cell volume, dislocation density, and microstrain were estimated using eqn (4)–(10). 19–21 Both gypsum and bassanite are monoclinic crystals but have the different space groups of C 2/ c (15) and I 2 (5), respectively.In the above equations, β = full width at half maximum (FWHM) (in radian); Scherrer's constant K = 0.94; λ = X-ray source wavelength = 0.15406 nm; θ = angle of diffraction; a , b , c , and h , k , l = lattice parameters of crystals; H 1 = peak height of the three strongest peaks.…”

“…Thus, for simplicity, it can be assumed that σ ϕ = σ 1 = σ 2 = σ and eqn (24) can be rearranged as eqn (25)–(27). 20,34 …”

“…For the precise estimation of microstrain for all the peaks, a straight line can be drawn and from its slope, the microstrain can be measured. 20 Eqn (7) can be rearranged as eqn (23) to generate the equation of the straight line. …”

“…Along with phase identication, crystallographic parameters such as the crystallite size, crystallinity index, lattice parameters, unit cell volume, dislocation density, and microstrain were estimated using eqn (4)- (10). [19][20][21] Both gypsum and bassanite are monoclinic crystals but have the different space groups of C2/c (15) and I2 (5), respectively.…”

“…The details of this method are described elsewhere. 20,25 Employing this method, the generated graphs for gypsum and bassanite are pictured with the inscribed crystallite size in Fig. 4 and 5.…”