Crystallization in detergent performance

Calcium Carbonate Deposition on Cellulose

“…Thus polymers with certain molecular weight and at defined concentration ranges may act as catalysts of the crystal growth process (33)(34)(35)(36). In the case of cellulose ion binding is weak both due to the weak acid-base behavior of the ionizable hydroxyl groups and also because of their stereochemical arrangement.…”

“…In the case of cellulose ion binding is weak both due to the weak acid-base behavior of the ionizable hydroxyl groups and also because of their stereochemical arrangement. Moreover, the surface concentration of ions which may accommodated on the surface of the polymeric chains may dramatically change the surface charge and subsequently the adhesion of the growing crystallites on the polymer chains (36).…”

The Overgrowth of Calcium Carbonate on Poly(vinyl chloride-co-vinyl acetate-co-maleic acid)

“…The formation of calcium carbonate on various crystalline substrates has been demonstrated and has been ascribed to the favorable lattice match between the overgrowth and the substrate. , Experimental investigations have shown that polymeric substrates also selectively induce the formation of sparingly soluble salts. − The lack of crystallinity of the polymers tested in these reports, an unfavorable factor for the formation of the salts, was compensated by the introduction of functional groups through chemical modification of the polymers. Thus, the presence of sulfonic groups on copolymers, for example, was found to promote the formation and stabilization of vaterite in aqueous supersaturated calcium carbonate solutions . Because the formation of the salts is preceded by nucleation, it is expected that surface phenomena play an important role in the regulation of the nature of crystalline material formed by the stabilization of unstable precursor phases.…”

“…Thus, the presence of sulfonic groups on copolymers, for example, was found to promote the formation and stabilization of vaterite in aqueous supersaturated calcium carbonate solutions. 9 Because the formation of the salts is preceded by nucleation, it is expected that surface phenomena play an important role in the regulation of the nature of crystalline material formed by the stabilization of unstable precursor phases. A typical example is the calcium carbonate system, which exhibits polymorphism.…”

Crystallization of Hydroxyapatite on Oxadiazole-Based Homopolymers

“…Thus polymers with certain molecular weight and at defined concentration ranges may act as catalysts of the crystal growth process. [32][33][34][35] In the case of oxadiazole homopolymer, we tried to assess the ion binding and the initialization of the crystallization process via computational chemistry calculations at 310 K, using for simplification of the calculations and minimization of the computer time, the Mg 2+ ion instead of Ca 2+ assuming similar behavior with the phosphate anions. 36,37 The above was corroborated by the fact that the incorporation of Mg 2+ in the bulk structure of sparingly soluble salts instead of Ca 2+ has almost the same energetic content.…”