Crystalline and Osmotic Swelling of an Expansive Clay Inundated with Sodium Chloride Solutions

Rao, Sudhakar M.; Thyagaraj, T.; Rao, P. Raghuveer

doi:10.1007/s10706-013-9629-3

Cited by 56 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Both surface and osmotic hydrations can lead to volumetric strain changes known as crystalline and osmotic swelling. Swelling occurs if rock is being hydrated and shrinkage if being dehydrated [16]. Surface hydration results from the adsorption of molecular layers of water on the basal crystal surfaces and interlayer spacing of 10-22 Å [16][17][18][19].…”

Section: Physico-chemical Behaviour Of Shalesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Swelling occurs if rock is being hydrated and shrinkage if being dehydrated [16]. Surface hydration results from the adsorption of molecular layers of water on the basal crystal surfaces and interlayer spacing of 10-22 Å [16][17][18][19]. This process is driven primarily by the energy associated with the hydration of exchangeable cations and attraction associated with solid-liquid interactions (hydrogen bonding, charged surface-dipole attraction, or a combination of both) occurring in the immediate vicinity of the clay particle surfaces [17,20].…”

Section: Physico-chemical Behaviour Of Shalesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Osmotic hydration is a long-range interaction, which mostly depends on ionic concentration, the type of exchangeable ions, pH of the pore water, and more importantly the clay mineralogy [17,20]. The osmotic hydration usually occurs by the adsorption of successive water layers at basal spacing larger than 22 Å and consequent development of double layer as saturation increases [16].…”

Section: Physico-chemical Behaviour Of Shalesmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Mechanisms of water adsorption into partially saturated fractured shales: An experimental study

Roshan

Ehsani²,

Marjo

et al. 2015

Fuel

144

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Section: Physico-chemical Behaviour Of Shalesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Physico-chemical Behaviour Of Shalesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Physico-chemical Behaviour Of Shalesmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Mechanisms of water adsorption into partially saturated fractured shales: An experimental study

Roshan

Ehsani²,

Marjo

et al. 2015

Fuel

144

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“…Crystalline swelling is associated with short-range swelling forces at interlayer spacings of less than 20 A • , which are much stronger than long-range double layer forces. 21 The current micromechanical model of the swelling phenomenon is built on the diffuse double layer theory relevant to interplatelet spacings of higher than 20 A • where the contribution of crystalline swelling can be neglected. 22 The repulsive/attractive stress arises from the electric interaction between the opposite charges carried by platelets and ions in the dielectric aqueous solution in the diffuse double layer.…”

Section: Double-layer Stressmentioning

confidence: 99%

Micromechanical approach to swelling behavior of capillary‐porous media with coupled physics

Eghbalian

Pouragha

Wan

2018

Num Anal Meth Geomechanics

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Summary A detailed multiscale analysis is presented of the swelling phenomenon in unsaturated clay‐rich materials in the linear regime through homogenization. Herein, the structural complexity of the material is formulated as a three‐scale, triple porosity medium within which microstructural information is transmitted across the various scales, leading ultimately to an enriched stress‐deformation relation at the macroscopic scale. As a side note, such derived relationship leads to a tensorial stress partitioning that is reminiscent of a Terzaghi‐like effective stress measure. Otherwise, a major result that stands out from previous works is the explicit expression of swelling stress and capillary stress in terms of micromechanical interactions at the very fine scale down to the clay platelet level, along with capillary stress emerging due to interactions between fluid phases at the different scales, including surface tension, pore size, and morphology. More importantly, the swelling stress is correlated with the disjoining forces due to electrochemical effects of charged ions on clay minerals and van der Waals forces at the nanoscale. The resulting analytical expressions also elucidate the role of the various physics in the deformational behavior of clayey material. Finally, the capability of the proposed formulation in capturing salient behaviors of unsaturated expansive clays is illustrated through some numerical examples.

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“…As the hydrated concentrated cations are present on the vicinity of the mineral surfaces and the pore is saturated by the bulk solution further water can be adsorbed through a long‐range adsorption or osmotic process e.g., where the ionic strength of the bulk pore water is less than that in the surface regime [ Gray and Darley , ]. This occurs at basal spacing larger than 22 Å [ Rao et al ., ]. Almost all types of clay minerals show surface hydration at both inter and outer‐layers while the smectite clays, particularly montmorillonite, show significant osmotic hydration [ Gray and Darley , ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation of the kinetics of water uptake into partially saturated shales

Roshan

Andersen

Rutlidge

et al. 2016

Water Resources Research

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Several processes have been proposed to describe the low recovery of hydraulic fracturing fluid in unconventional shale reservoirs which has caused both technical and environmental concerns. This study describes novel hydraulic experiments to quantitatively investigate the kinetics of water uptake into partially saturated shale through investigating the pressure response of injecting fluids (NaCl, KCl, MgCl2, and CaCl2 with different ionic concentrations) into crushed and sieved shale fragments. The results of the study indicate that the cumulative water uptake under pressure is likely to be controlled by three processes: surface hydration, capillary hydration including advective flow, and osmotic hydration. Each of these processes is a function of the differences between the in situ pore fluid and the injection fluid (solution chemistry and concentration) and the shale physicochemical properties, in particular the contact surface area, pore diameter, and the Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC). The uptake is not instantaneous, but is diffusion limited, with the rate governed by a number of kinetic processes. Uptake proceeds in three stages, each associated with a different process: (1) predominantly surface hydration, (2) predominantly capillary hydration and finally, (3) predominantly osmotic hydration. It was also shown that shale can take up a significant amount of water compared to its available solid volume. However, contrary to the conventional understanding, the increase in salinity of the injection fluid does not necessarily lead to reduced water uptake into shales, but is dependent on the type and concentration of cations within the shale and injecting fluid.

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Crystalline and Osmotic Swelling of an Expansive Clay Inundated with Sodium Chloride Solutions

Cited by 56 publications

References 8 publications

Mechanisms of water adsorption into partially saturated fractured shales: An experimental study

Mechanisms of water adsorption into partially saturated fractured shales: An experimental study

Micromechanical approach to swelling behavior of capillary‐porous media with coupled physics

Investigation of the kinetics of water uptake into partially saturated shales

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