Crystal Violet Binding Capacity and the Gram Reaction of Bacterial Cells

Bartholomew, J. W.; Finkelstein, Harold

doi:10.1128/jb.67.6.689-691.1954

Cited by 21 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Biofilm formation was assessed visually using Crystal violet stain (Sigma, UK) and Alamar blue (resazurin) stains (Sigma, UK). Crystal violet incorporates into bacterial surface molecules and is used to indicate the amount of bacteria bound to the HA surface [27] , [28] . Alamar blue, otherwise known as resazurin, which is converted to pink resorufin in the presence of metabolically active cells was included to provide information on the health of biofilms [28] , .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Early Canine Plaque Biofilms: Characterization of Key Bacterial Interactions Involved in Initial Colonization of Enamel

Holcombe¹,

Patel²,

Colyer³

et al. 2014

PLoS ONE

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Periodontal disease (PD) is a significant problem in dogs affecting between 44% and 63.6% of the population. The main etiological agent for PD is plaque, a microbial biofilm that colonizes teeth and causes inflammation of the gingiva. Understanding how this biofilm initiates on the tooth surface is of central importance in developing interventions against PD. Although the stages of plaque development on human teeth have been well characterized little is known about how canine plaque develops. Recent studies of the canine oral microbiome have revealed distinct differences between the canine and human oral environments and the bacterial communities they support, particularly with respect to healthy plaque. These differences mean knowledge about the nature of plaque formation in humans may not be directly translatable to dogs. The aim of this study was to identify the bacterial species important in the early stages of canine plaque formation in vivo and then use isolates of these species in a laboratory biofilm model to develop an understanding of the sequential processes which take place during the initial colonization of enamel. Supra-gingival plaque samples were collected from 12 dogs at 24 and 48 hour time points following a full mouth descale and polish. Pyrosequencing of the 16S rDNA identified 134 operational taxonomic units after statistical analysis. The species with the highest relative abundance were Bergeyella zoohelcum, Neisseria shayeganii and a Moraxella species. Streptococcal species, which tend to dominate early human plaque biofilms, had very low relative abundance. In vitro testing of biofilm formation identified five primary colonizer species, three of which belonged to the genus Neisseria. Using these pioneer bacteria as a starting point, viable two and three species communities were developed. Combining in vivo and in vitro data has led us to construct novel models of how the early canine plaque biofilm develops.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Early Canine Plaque Biofilms: Characterization of Key Bacterial Interactions Involved in Initial Colonization of Enamel

Holcombe¹,

Patel²,

Colyer³

et al. 2014

PLoS ONE

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“…The accurate determination of average cell size and shape, necessary for calculations of the surface area of bacterial cells, would be very difficult (see Chapter 1, Knaysi, 1951), especially for microorganisms having cell groupings such as is typical for the genus Sarcina. It would be interesting, however, if an attempt were made to make such calculations on several representative species of both gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms, since results based on dye uptake per unit cell weight have shown no correlation with Gram stain characteristic ( Bartholomew and Finkelstein, 1954).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dye Uptake by Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative Cells as Related to Adsorption Laws

Finkelstein

Bartholomew

1960

J Bacteriol

Self Cite

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Borzani and Vairo (1959) reported that grampositive and gram-negative microorganisms are fundamentally different with respect to crystal violet adsorption. They claimed that the binding of crystal violet by gram-positive cells followed the Freundlich and the Langmuir adsorption laws; whereas the binding of crystal violet by gram-negative cells did not follow any known adsorption law. The present paper presents evidence which does not support their conclusion regarding gram-negative cells. It has been found that the binding of crystal violet by both grampositive and gram-negative microorganisms can be interpreted as obeying adsorption laws.

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“…Identification of biofilm assemblies is usually carried out through ex situ methods, generally utilizing dyes such as crystal violet to stain the bacteria that remain after washing away the non‐adherent bacteria 5. Other approaches of biofilm analysis employ scanning electron microscopy (SEM), confocal fluorescence microscopy,6 atomic force microscopy (AFM), and polymerized chain reaction (PCR) for detection of biofilm‐associated genetic markers 7.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biofilm Formation on Chromatic Sol–Gel/Polydiacetylene Films

Ritenberg

Kolusheva²,

Ganin

et al. 2012

ChemPlusChem

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Bacterial biofilms are integrated, single‐ or multi‐species communities of cells that play profound roles in human health and disease. The formation of biofilms requires interactions between bacteria and the surfaces they colonize, and the surface can specifically impact the structure, function, and composition of these communities. Investigating biofilm formation in situ, their assembly kinetics, and particularly identifying substances that could interfere with or inhibit biofilm growth is thus a major scientific and practical goal. It is shown that thin dip‐coated films comprising a transparent sol–gel framework and polydiacetylene, a unique conjugated polymer that can undergo color and fluorescence transitions, both promote rapid growth of bacterial biofilms as well as allow colorimetric and fluorescence detection of biofilm formation. Microscopy data demonstrate that the bacterial cells and resultant biofilm specifically target the polydiacetylene domains embedded within the silica‐gel matrix, consequently inducing dramatic colorimetric and fluorescence transitions. The mesoporous silica/polydiacetylene matrix can further host other chemical substances allowing evaluation of their biofilm inhibitory effects through simple chromatic screening. Overall, the polydiacetylene/sol–gel films constitute a novel generic platform for promoting bacterial biofilms and their in situ analysis.

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Crystal Violet Binding Capacity and the Gram Reaction of Bacterial Cells

Cited by 21 publications

References 7 publications

Early Canine Plaque Biofilms: Characterization of Key Bacterial Interactions Involved in Initial Colonization of Enamel

Early Canine Plaque Biofilms: Characterization of Key Bacterial Interactions Involved in Initial Colonization of Enamel

Dye Uptake by Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative Cells as Related to Adsorption Laws

Biofilm Formation on Chromatic Sol–Gel/Polydiacetylene Films

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