Methanol:coenzyme M methyltransferase from methanogenic archaea is a cobalamin-dependent enzyme composed of three different subunits: MtaA, MtaB and MtaC. MtaA is a zinc protein that catalyzes the methylation of coenzyme M (HS-CoM) with methylcob(III)alamin. We report zinc XAFS (X-ray absorption fine structure) results indicating that, in the absence of coenzyme M, zinc is probably coordinated by a single sulfur ligand and three oxygen or nitrogen ligands. In the presence of coenzyme M, one (N/O)-ligand was replaced by sulfur, most likely due to ligation of the thiol group of coenzyme M. Mutations in His237 or Cys239, which are proposed to be involved in ligating zinc, resulted in an over 90% loss in enzyme activity and in distinct changes in the zinc ligands. In the His237 fi Ala and Cys239 fi Ala mutants, coenzyme M also seemed to bind efficiently by ligation to zinc indicating that some aspects of the zinc ligand environment are surprisingly uncritical for coenzyme M binding.
Keywords:1 1 zinc enzymes; methanogenic archaea; methyl transferases; thiol group alkylation; EXAFS.Methanosarcina barkeri and other Methanosarcina species can grow on methanol as carbon source which is disproportionated to CH 4 and CO 2 [1]. The first step in this metabolic pathway is the formation of methyl-coenzyme M (CH 3 -S-CoM) from methanol and coenzyme M (HS-CoM) [2].The reaction is catalyzed by methanol:coenzyme M methyltransferase which is composed of the three subunits MtaA (35.9 kDa), MtaB (50.7 kDa) and MtaC (27.9 kDa), of which MtaC is a corrinoid protein. They catalyze the following partial reactions [3][4][5][6][7].MtaA is a zinc protein [3,7,8] that also catalyzes the methylation of coenzyme M with methylcob(III)alamin [9]. Several isoenzymes of MtaA, designated MtbA and MtsA have been found [9][10][11].The methylation of coenzyme M to methyl-coenzyme M is a reaction in which a thiol group is alkylated. Enzymes catalyzing alkyl transfers to thiols have all been found to be zinc proteins [12] [19]. The postulated role of zinc in these enzymes is that of a Lewis acid that activates the thiol group to be alkylated. Coordination of the thiol group to the active site zinc has been shown by extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy [14,15], by UV spectroscopy [20] and in the case of protein farnesyl transferase by crystal structure analysis [19]. It results in a decrease in the pK value of the thiol group as shown by the release of a proton upon binding of the substrate to the zinc enzyme [21].MtaA does not share sequence similarity to any of the other zinc enzymes catalyzing thiol group alkylation [8,22]. Abbreviations: HS-CoM, coenzyme M; CH 3 -S-CoM, methyl-coenzyme M; EXAFS, extended X-ray absorption fine structure; Mta, methanol:coenzyme M methyltransferase; MtaA, protein subunit of Mta; XANES, X-ray absorption near edge structure; XAS, X-ray absorption spectroscopy.