Crystal Structure of the Type III Effector AvrB from Pseudomonas syringae

Lee, Christian C.; Wood, Michelle D.; Ng, Kenneth; Andersen, Carsten; Liu, Yi; Luginbühl, Peter; Spraggon, Glen; Katagiri, Fumiaki

doi:10.1016/j.str.2004.02.013

Cited by 46 publications

(49 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…Oomycete and fungal effectors have been shown to evolve under strong positive selection that drives rapid divergence, making it difficult to detect effector homologs outside their genus using amino acid sequence comparisons or secondary-structure prediction tools. The 3D structure of the Hpa effector ATR1 differs from that of other effector proteins, including AvrL567-A and AvrL567-D, two effectors from Melampsora lini (flax rust) differentially recognized by a cognate R protein L (20), and Pseudomonas syringae effectors AvrPto and AvrB (21,22).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis ATR1 effector is a repeat protein with distributed recognition surfaces

Chou¹,

Krasileva

Holton

et al. 2011

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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The in planta association of the Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis effector ATR1 with the cognate Arabidopsis thaliana RPP1 immune receptor activates a disease-resistance signaling pathway that inhibits pathogen growth. To define the molecular events specifying effector recognition by RPP1, we determined the crystal structure of ATR1 and assayed in planta the effects of surface polymorphisms that are critical to activating plant immunity. ATR1 adopts an elongated, all-helical, two-domain, seahorse-like structure with an overall architecture unlike any previously described fold. Structural comparisons highlight a tandemly duplicated, five-helix motif in the C-terminal domain that creates a structural framework for rapid diversification. Identification and mapping of critical recognition sites suggest that ATR1 detection by the RPP1 resistance protein is mediated by several distinct protein surfaces that allow the effectors to escape recognition through diverse surface polymorphisms. ATR1 gain-of-recognition mutants demonstrate that multiple amino acid substitutions are necessary for recognition and that surface polymorphisms exert additive effects. These results suggest that ATR1 is a modular repeat protein belonging to an ancient family of oomycete effectors that rapidly evolves to escape host detection and adopt diverse virulence functions.plant innate immunity | obligate biotroph

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis ATR1 effector is a repeat protein with distributed recognition surfaces

Chou¹,

Krasileva

Holton

et al. 2011

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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“…RIN4 is phosphorylated in response to infection by either AvrB or AvrRpm1, leading to the activation of RPM1 (10). However, kinase activity has not been demonstrated for either AvrB or AvrRpm1 and therefore the phosphorylation may be indirect (13)(14)(15). AvrRpt2 belongs to the CA-clan of cysteine proteases (16).…”

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confidence: 99%

The type III effector HopF2 _Pto targets Arabidopsis RIN4 protein to promote Pseudomonas syringae virulence

Wilton¹,

Subramaniam

Elmore

et al. 2010

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

144

175

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Plant immunity can be induced by two major classes of pathogenassociated molecules. Pathogen-or microbe-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs or MAMPs) are conserved molecular components of microbes that serve as "non-self" features to induce PAMPtriggered immunity (PTI). Pathogen effector proteins used to promote virulence can also be recognized as "non-self" features or induce a "modified-self" state that can induce effector-triggered immunity (ETI). The Arabidopsis protein RIN4 plays an important role in both branches of plant immunity. Three unrelated type III secretion effector (TTSE) proteins from the phytopathogen Pseudomonas syringae, AvrRpm1, AvrRpt2, and AvrB, target RIN4, resulting in ETI that effectively restricts pathogen growth. However, no pathogenic advantage has been demonstrated for RIN4 manipulation by these TTSEs. Here, we show that the TTSE HopF2 Pto also targets Arabidopsis RIN4. Transgenic plants conditionally expressing HopF2 Pto were compromised for AvrRpt2-induced RIN4 modification and associated ETI. HopF2 Pto interfered with AvrRpt2-induced RIN4 modification in vitro but not with AvrRpt2 activation, suggestive of RIN4 targeting by HopF2 Pto . In support of this hypothesis, HopF2 Pto interacted with RIN4 in vitro and in vivo. Unlike AvrRpm1, AvrRpt2, and AvrB, HopF2 Pto did not induce ETI and instead promoted P. syringae growth in Arabidopsis. This virulence activity was not observed in plants genetically lacking RIN4. These data provide evidence that RIN4 is a major virulence target of HopF2 Pto and that a pathogenic advantage can be conveyed by TTSEs that target RIN4.bacterial virulence | type III secretion

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“…In all but one of the type III effector structures determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD)-based methods, the N-terminal 15 to 35 residues were reported to be unstructured (17,37,39) or were not included in the protein used for crystallization (21). Unstructured N-terminal regions in crystal structures are the result of diffuse electron density that cannot be associated with the sequence.…”

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confidence: 99%

Computational Prediction of Type III and IV Secreted Effectors in Gram-Negative Bacteria

et al. 2011

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In this review, we provide an overview of the methods employed in four recent studies that described novel methods for computational prediction of secreted effectors from type III and IV secretion systems in Gramnegative bacteria. We present the results of these studies in terms of performance at accurately predicting secreted effectors and similarities found between secretion signals that may reflect biologically relevant features for recognition. We discuss the Web-based tools for secreted effector prediction described in these studies and announce the availability of our tool, the SIEVE server (http://www.sysbep.org/sieve). Finally, we assess the accuracies of the three type III effector prediction methods on a small set of proteins not known prior to the development of these tools that we recently discovered and validated using both experimental and computational approaches. Our comparison shows that all methods use similar approaches and, in general, arrive at similar conclusions. We discuss the possibility of an order-dependent motif in the secretion signal, which was a point of disagreement in the studies. Our results show that there may be classes of effectors in which the signal has a loosely defined motif and others in which secretion is dependent only on compositional biases. Computational prediction of secreted effectors from protein sequences represents an important step toward better understanding the interaction between pathogens and hosts.

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Crystal Structure of the Type III Effector AvrB from Pseudomonas syringae

Cited by 46 publications

References 30 publications

Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis ATR1 effector is a repeat protein with distributed recognition surfaces

Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis ATR1 effector is a repeat protein with distributed recognition surfaces

The type III effector HopF2 _Pto targets Arabidopsis RIN4 protein to promote Pseudomonas syringae virulence

Computational Prediction of Type III and IV Secreted Effectors in Gram-Negative Bacteria

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Crystal Structure of the Type III Effector AvrB from Pseudomonas syringae

Cited by 46 publications

References 30 publications

Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis ATR1 effector is a repeat protein with distributed recognition surfaces

Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis ATR1 effector is a repeat protein with distributed recognition surfaces

The type III effector HopF2 Pto targets Arabidopsis RIN4 protein to promote Pseudomonas syringae virulence

Computational Prediction of Type III and IV Secreted Effectors in Gram-Negative Bacteria

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The type III effector HopF2 _Pto targets Arabidopsis RIN4 protein to promote Pseudomonas syringae virulence