Water plays a central role in the crystallization of
a variety
of organic, inorganic, biological, and hybrid materials. This is also
true for zeolites and zeolite-like materials, an important class of
industrial catalysts and adsorbents. Water is always present during
their hydrothermal synthesis, either with or without organic species
as structure-directing agents. Apart from its role as a solvent or
a catalyst, structure direction by water in zeolite synthesis has
never been clearly elucidated. Here, we report the crystallization
of phosphate-based molecular sieves using rationally designed, hydrogen-bonded
water-aminium assemblies, resulting in molecular sieves exhibiting
the crystallographic ordering of heteroatoms. We demonstrate that
a 1:1 assembly of water and diprotonated N,N-dimethyl-1,2-ethanediamine acts as a structure-directing
agent in the synthesis of a silicoaluminophosphate material with phillipsite
(PHI) topology, using SMARTER crystallography, which combines single-crystal
X-ray diffraction and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, as
well as ab initio molecular dynamics simulations.
The molecular arrangement of the hydrogen-bonded assembly matches
well with the shape and size of subunits in the PHI structure, and
their charge distributions result in the strict ordering of framework
tetrahedral atoms. This concept of structure direction by water-containing
supramolecular assemblies should be applicable to the synthesis of
many classes of porous materials.