Crystal structure of 3,4-dinitropyrazole in water

Guo, Haoqi; Yu, Siyuan; Li, Yongxiang; Wang, Jianlong; Cao, Duanlin; Qin, Zexin

doi:10.1080/15421406.2019.1681753

Cited by 3 publications

(2 citation statements)

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“…As a new matrix ingredient in melt-cast explosives, DNP is a promising alternative to TNT [ 28 , 29 ]. The melting point and mechanical sensitivity of DNP are comparable to those of TNT [ 30 ], while the performance (e.g., the detonation velocity or detonation pressure) of DNP is much better than that of TNT [ 31 , 32 ]. Conversely, the viscosity of DNP is about 80% greater than that of TNT [ 33 ], which is disadvantageous for obtaining a suspension with high solid content.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rheological Behavior of DNP/HMX Melt-Cast Explosives with Bimodal and Trimodal Particle-Size Distributions

Xie

Zhang

Jiang³

et al. 2023

Polymers

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As a matrix for melt-cast explosives, 3,4-dinitropyrazole (DNP) is a promising alternative to 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT). However, the viscosity of molten DNP is considerably greater compared with that of TNT, thus, requiring the viscosity of DNP-based melt-cast explosive suspensions to be minimized. In this paper, the apparent viscosity of a DNP/HMX (cyclotetramethylenetetranitramine) melt-cast explosive suspension is measured using a Haake Mars III rheometer. Both bimodal and trimodal particle-size distributions are used to minimize the viscosity of this explosive suspension. First, the optimal diameter ratio and mass ratio (two crucial process parameters) between coarse and fine particles are obtained from the bimodal particle-size distribution. Second, based on the optimal diameter ratio and mass ratio, trimodal particle-size distributions are used to further minimize the apparent viscosity of the DNP/HMX melt-cast explosive suspension. Finally, for either the bimodal or trimodal particle-size distribution, if the original data between the apparent viscosity and solid content are normalized, the resultant plot of the relative viscosity versus reduced solid content collapses to a single curve, and the effect of the shear rate on this curve is further investigated.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rheological Behavior of DNP/HMX Melt-Cast Explosives with Bimodal and Trimodal Particle-Size Distributions

Xie

Zhang

Jiang³

et al. 2023

Polymers

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“…More importantly, many studies on strontium and barium salts as coloring agents were widely carried out on pyrotechnics. − However, most of the nitrogen-rich compounds reported as pyrotechnics have the limitations of complicated and lengthy synthetic routes with a low yield (path II in Scheme ). − 3,4-Dinitropyrazole (DNP), a compound that involves a simple synthesis with easily available raw materials, has received greater attention in energetic materials. − What we all know is that DNP has been investigated as a potential component of melt-cast explosive due to its excellent melting point (85–86 °C), high density (1.81 g cm –3 ), satisfactory decomposition temperature (210 °C), and superior detonation velocity (8240 m s –1 ) compared with those of TNT. − The mixture of DNP and a small amount of ammonium perchlorate was also applied in aluminum-free propellant compositions . The synthesis, crystal structures, and investigation of several metal-free 3,4-dinitropyrazolate salts with good thermal stability and insensitive character have already been reported. − …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Access to Green Pyrotechnic Compositions via Constructing Coordination Polymers: A New Approach to the Application of 3,4-Dinitropyrazole

Cao

Wang

Mei

et al. 2022

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces

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Alkali and alkaline-earth metal salts with 3,4dinitropyrazole (DNP) were synthesized by the reaction of DNP with stoichiometric amounts of the corresponding metal hydroxide-, oxide-, or carbonate-based highly pure salts, and products were fully characterized. Determination of single-crystal structures of all new complexes except for the lithium and strontium salts was performed by X-ray diffraction techniques. The cesium salt crystallized no water among them. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) manifested that these salts have satisfactory thermal stabilities with decomposition temperatures above 210 °C. They also showed that there exists strong bonding of crystallized water among lattices, which disappeared at temperatures equal to or above 115 °C except for salts MES-3, MES-4, and MES-9. In addition, the percentage of water contents was confirmed by using DSC and TGA methods. The constant-volume combustion heats of these metal salts containing DNP anions were measured using an oxygen bomb calorimeter due to their expectant interest in energetic materials, and their standard molar formation enthalpies were obtained. The investigated salts were found to be insensitive toward friction and impact. Findings of burning tests performed with experimental formulations using MES-1, MES-7, MES-8, and MES-9 certify that these four salts might be more promising candidates for application in green pyrotechnics.

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