Crystal assembly and phylogenetic evolution in heterococcoliths

Young, Jeremy R.; Didymus, Jon M.; Brown, Paul; Prins, Ben; Mann, Stephen

doi:10.1038/356516a0

Cited by 206 publications

(182 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…At constant temperature, Sr partitioning is linearly related to calcification rates over the entire range of species studied, consistent with a conserved mechanism for calcite nucleation across all placolith-bearing coccolithophorids suggested by Young et al (1992Young et al ( , 1999. This relationship is also consistent with kinetic effects on Sr partitioning in abiogenic calcites (Lorens, 1981).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 68%

“…In abiogenic experiments, there is a strong linear relationship between calcite precipitation rate and D Sr for precipitation rates between 30 and 3000 mg calcite/m 2 seed surface area/day. The coherency of the relationship between D Sr and calcite production in coccoliths across all investigated species may be consistent with a conserved mechanism of calcite nucleation across all placolith-bearing coccolithophorids (Young et al, 1992). At constant temperature, calcification rate appears to be the most important control on Sr partitioning in coccolith calcites, at least in placolith-bearing heterococcoliths.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 63%

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Calcification rate and temperature effects on Sr partitioning in coccoliths of multiple species of coccolithophorids in culture

Stoll

2002

Global and Planetary Change

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Five common placolith-bearing coccolithophorid algae-Gephyrocapsa oceanica, Coccolithus pelagicus, Calcidiscus leptoporus, Umbilicosphaera sibogae (var. sibogae and var. foliosa), and Emiliania huxleyi-were cultured to investigate controls on Sr partitioning in coccolith calcite. For identical temperature and media composition, Sr partitioning varies by more than 30% in exponential phase cultures of the five species and is linearly related to rates of calcite production/cell (q=0.91). Exponential phase culture experiments with three strains of C. leptoporus and six strains of G. oceanica at varying temperatures show variations in Sr partitioning of 20% and 30%, respectively. With C. leptoporus, Sr partitioning is equally correlated with temperature and calcification rate (q=0.8), which themselves are highly correlated; the slope of the relationship between D Sr and calcification rate is comparable to that observed in all species at constant temperature. However, in G. oceanica, increased temperature appears to enhance Sr incorporation by up to 2% to 1.6% jC À1 in the range of 15 to 30 jC. The strong influence of calcification rate on Sr partitioning may be useful for inferring past variations in coccolithophorid productivity from Sr partitioning in coccolith sediments if the influence of temperature on Sr partitioning can be resolved. Because the relationship between calcite production and Sr partitioning is linear, a proportional change in calcification should be expressed much more strongly in the Sr/Ca ratio of large species with rapid calcite production than in smaller species, which produce calcite more slowly. Consequently, it may be possible to separate temperature and calcification influences on coccolith Sr/Ca by separately analyzing Sr/Ca in species that produce calcite rapidly and those that produce calcite slowly, if both undergo comparable relative changes in calcification rates. D

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 68%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 63%

Calcification rate and temperature effects on Sr partitioning in coccoliths of multiple species of coccolithophorids in culture

Stoll

2002

Global and Planetary Change

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“…1. The fossil record indicates that prymnesiophytes are at least 230 million years (My) old (Young et al, 1992). Therefore the marine goniomonads have probably been diversifying for a similar period, if the rRNA genes of both groups have been evolving at similar rates, which the tree does not obviously contradict.…”

Section: Genetic Diversity Within Goniomonasmentioning

confidence: 87%

Genetic diversity of goniomonads: an ancient divergence between marine and freshwater species

Heyden

Chao

2004

European Journal of Phycology

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Goniomonas is a ubiquitous free-living, phagotrophic zooflagellate genus related to the photosynthetic cryptophytes. Only one freshwater and two marine species have been described. Although the two marine species (G. pacifica and G. amphinema) are morphologically quite distinct from each other, it was unclear until recently whether one of them (G. pacifica) is really separate from the freshwater G. truncata because their morphology and size are so similar. We have isolated six new Goniomonas strains and amplified and sequenced their small subunit ribosomal RNA genes. Our results reveal remarkable genetic diversity within all three nominal species and confirm that G. pacifica is genetically very distinct from G. truncata. Within each morphospecies there is more divergence than between many cryptophyte genera and there are many more substantially different genotypes of Goniomonas than established 'species'. This implies that there are numerous undescribed 'species' of Goniomonas and suggests that goniomonad genetic diversity might equal that of the cryptophytes. Phylogenetic analysis of 10 Goniomonas sequences shows two very robust clades, one consisting only of 'G. truncata' and the other comprising G. pacifica-related sequences and a separate cluster of genotypes that probably represent G. amphinema. Thus, one clade comprises five freshwater strains, which have markedly longer genes, and the other clade comprises five marine strains. The divergence between all freshwater and all marine sequences is several times greater than that within one morphospecies. This deep genetic divergence implies that for several hundred million years, freshwater goniomonads have not been able to colonize marine habitats effectively, and vice versa. Our trees show that the 18S rRNA gene has evolved in freshwater strains faster than in the marine strains and robustly support the holophyly of all goniomonads and their sister relationship with cryptophytes.

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“…Coccolith formation is initiated inside the CV with the production of an organic base plate which serves as template (van der Wal et al, 1983;Westbroek et al, 1984Westbroek et al, , 1989Young et al, 1999). Nucleation of calcite occurs subsequently on the rim of the organic base plate from where the initial crystals start to grow in a radial direction until coccolith formation is completed (Westbroek et al, 1984(Westbroek et al, , 1989Young et al, 1992). Crystal growth is tightly controlled by the cellular machinery.…”

Section: Cause Of Malformationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of changing carbonate chemistry on morphology and weight of coccoliths formed by <i>Emiliania huxleyi</i>

et al. 2012

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Abstract. The coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi is a marine phytoplankton species capable of forming small calcium carbonate scales (coccoliths) which cover the organic part of the cell. Calcification rates of E. huxleyi are known to be sensitive to changes in seawater carbonate chemistry. It has, however, not yet been clearly determined how these changes are reflected in size and weight of individual coccoliths and which specific parameter(s) of the carbonate system drive morphological modifications. Here, we compare data on coccolith size, weight, and malformation from a set of five experiments with a large diversity of carbonate chemistry conditions. This diversity allows distinguishing the influence of individual carbonate chemistry parameters such as carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), bicarbonate (HCO ] cannot be entirely ruled out. Changes in coccolith weight were proportional to changes in size. Increasing CaCO 3 production rates are reflected in an increase in coccolith weight and an increase of the number of coccoliths formed per unit time. The combined investigation of morphological features and coccolith production rates presented in this study may help to interpret data derived from sediment cores, where coccolith morphology is used to reconstruct calcification rates in the water column.

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Crystal assembly and phylogenetic evolution in heterococcoliths

Cited by 206 publications

References 7 publications

Calcification rate and temperature effects on Sr partitioning in coccoliths of multiple species of coccolithophorids in culture

Calcification rate and temperature effects on Sr partitioning in coccoliths of multiple species of coccolithophorids in culture

Genetic diversity of goniomonads: an ancient divergence between marine and freshwater species

Influence of changing carbonate chemistry on morphology and weight of coccoliths formed by <i>Emiliania huxleyi</i>

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Crystal assembly and phylogenetic evolution in heterococcoliths

Cited by 206 publications

References 7 publications

Calcification rate and temperature effects on Sr partitioning in coccoliths of multiple species of coccolithophorids in culture

Calcification rate and temperature effects on Sr partitioning in coccoliths of multiple species of coccolithophorids in culture

Genetic diversity of goniomonads: an ancient divergence between marine and freshwater species

Influence of changing carbonate chemistry on morphology and weight of coccoliths formed by &lt;i&gt;Emiliania huxleyi&lt;/i&gt;

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Influence of changing carbonate chemistry on morphology and weight of coccoliths formed by <i>Emiliania huxleyi</i>