Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia spp. (oo)cysts as target-organisms in sanitation and environmental monitoring: A review in microscopy-based viability assays

Silva, Kamila Jessie Sammarro; Sabogal-Paz, Lyda Patrícia

doi:10.1016/j.watres.2020.116590

Cited by 16 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 92 publications

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“…One group was exposed to non-treated water (negative control). Giardia cyst viability was evaluated by non-fluorogenic dye exclusion method with trypan blue [ 37 , 38 , 39 ]. The percentage of non-viable cysts was calculated using the formula: (1 − (total number of viable cysts per ml of aliquot /total number of cysts per ml of aliquot)) × 100.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

In Vitro Evaluation of Ozonated Water Treatment on the Viability of Eimeria Oocysts and Giardia Cysts from Water Buffaloes: A Proof-of-Concept Study

Morgoglione

Bosco

Ciucă

et al. 2021

Veterinary Sciences

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The aim of this proof-of-concept study was to evaluate the in vitro effects of ozonated water treatment on the viability of Eimeria oocysts and Giardia cysts isolated from naturally infected water buffaloes. Eimeria oocysts were divided into seven groups of six replicates that were treated with ozonated water at three ozone concentrations (0.5, 1, and 2 mg/L) and two contact times (five and ten minutes), and one group (negative control) that was exposed to non-treated water. Giardia cysts were divided into nine groups of six replicates and were treated with ozonated water at four ozone concentrations (0.1, 0.3, 0.5, and 1 mg/L) and two contact times (one and two minutes), while one group (negative control) was exposed to non-treated water. The results of the ozonated water treatment gave a 33% inhibition of the sporulation of Eimeria oocysts and rendered 96.3% of Giardia cysts non-viable, suggesting that ozonated water treatment could be a promising alternative sanitation technology to common conventional disinfectants for reducing intestinal protozoa infections in water buffaloes; though further in vitro and in vivo tests are needed.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

In Vitro Evaluation of Ozonated Water Treatment on the Viability of Eimeria Oocysts and Giardia Cysts from Water Buffaloes: A Proof-of-Concept Study

Morgoglione

Bosco

Ciucă

et al. 2021

Veterinary Sciences

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“…Also, sunlight-based technologies are particularly promising for resource-poor environments, connecting SDGs 6 and 7, reducing costs with illumination settings, and fostering innovation for water and wastewater treatment. Additionally, point-of-use disinfection acts directly on reducing the waterborne disease burden (Silva et al 2021), providing impact on health and well-being (SDG 3).…”

Section: Challenges and Perspectivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Photodynamic processes for water and wastewater treatment: a review

Silva,

Lima,

Dias

et al. 2024

Laser Phys. Lett.

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Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been widely employed in clinical applications, healthcare, and public health (e.g. cancer research, microbiological control, vector control, etc). The photodynamic action is an advanced oxidation process based on the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and singlet oxygen by the excitation of a photosensitizer by specific wavelengths of light in the presence of molecular oxygen. The generation of ROS, which are highly reactive, encourages the use of PDT against recalcitrant pollutants and resistant parasites, a novel approach for PDT applications. Here, we explored recent research in PDT in water and wastewater treatment, elucidating operational conditions, main targets, potentials, and constraints, considering a collection of scientific papers curated by a well-defined research strategy. Retrieved records were filtered by subjects, and data was organized into a content network. Results showed that PDT is a timely alternative to deal with emerging chemical contaminants, resistant microorganisms, and other challenges, raising opportunities for versatile applications and sustainable solutions. Advances in environmental applications of PDT may help reach the Sustainable Development Goal 6 (SDG 6), but also positively impact other SDGs.

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“…It is noted that IFA refers to the current protocol established by USEPA methods 1623.1 and 1693 for analysis of water and disinfected wastewater (2012,2014), thus it is assumed to be the first resource WASH practitioners would rely on for periodically monitoring quality considering protozoan parasites. In fact, several studies on environmental samples that do not have a standardised detection method include IFA (Olson et al 1999;Greinert et al 2004;Graczyk et al 2008;Grit et al 2012;Giglio & Sabogal-Paz 2018;Sammarro-Silva & Sabogal-Paz 2020, 2021a, 2021bOgura & Sabogal-Paz 2021. The motive for choosing this protocol is assumed to be its high sensitivity, as older references that consider complex matrices were also immunofluorescencebased, as in Olson et al (1999), which used IFA to quantify the survival of cysts seeded into soil and cattle waste.…”

Section: Immunofluorescence Assay and Dapi Stainingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…From 2011 to 2016, 37% of worldwide waterborne protozoa outbreaks were caused by this zoonotic protozoan (Efstratiou et al 2017). The chlorine-resistance characteristic combined with cysts' ability to permeate filtration units because they are small (6-15 μm) can explain the occurrence of giardiasis epidemics after consumption of treated drinking water in several countries (Smith 1998;Omarova et al 2018). This illustrates the importance of considering this pathogen when making decisions regarding water and sanitation, as well as including it in regular monitoring of water systems, either conventional or point-of-use.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exploring challenges in Giardia cyst visualisation by common microscopy methods

Fava

Silva

Freitas

et al. 2023

Water Practice and Technology

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Giardia spp. is an intestinal parasite responsible for worldwide disease outbreaks. Guiding researchers and practitioners to choose among current methods for microscopy detection of the infectious forms may be directly beneficial to public health and the environment. This study provides an overall comparison of brightfield (BF), fluorescence and darkfield (DF) microscopies for detecting Giardia duodenalis and Giardia muris cysts, by illustrating micrographs of such protocols applied to purified samples, as well as discussing advantages and constraints based on secondary information and collected data. BF analysis included Lugol's iodine staining. In fluorescence microscopy, samples were processed by immunofluorescence assay (IFA) with DAPI and by standalone DAPI dye. Cyst suspensions were also analysed by DF microscopy using a recently developed low-cost system. The three techniques enabled detecting Giardia spp. cysts, although they did not provide species identification by morphology. The overview of each method points out some relevant aspects to consider when selecting common optical microscopy techniques, and includes challenges and advantages regarding each of them.

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Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia spp. (oo)cysts as target-organisms in sanitation and environmental monitoring: A review in microscopy-based viability assays

Cited by 16 publications

References 92 publications

In Vitro Evaluation of Ozonated Water Treatment on the Viability of Eimeria Oocysts and Giardia Cysts from Water Buffaloes: A Proof-of-Concept Study

In Vitro Evaluation of Ozonated Water Treatment on the Viability of Eimeria Oocysts and Giardia Cysts from Water Buffaloes: A Proof-of-Concept Study

Photodynamic processes for water and wastewater treatment: a review

Exploring challenges in Giardia cyst visualisation by common microscopy methods

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