Cryptosporidium Infection and Associated Risk Factors among Cattle in the Central Region of Ghana

Dankwa, Kwabena; Feglo, Patrick Kwame; Nuvor, Samuel Victor; Aggrey-Korsah, Michael; Mutocheluh, Mohamed

doi:10.1155/2021/6625117

Cited by 6 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…The resultant high sensitivity proved the reliability of ELISA as a gold standard immunological method to be used in cryptosporidiosis diagnosis. This finding is in accordance with data mentioned by other authors who investigated the diagnosis of Cryptosporidium infection using ELISA in both humans [20,[49][50][51] and animals [45,[52][53][54][55]. In the current study, indirect ELISA was used for serodiagnosis of Cryptosporidium-infection by affinity purified fraction recording a sensitivity of 94.4% and a specificity of 100% in mice sera, and a sensitivity of 95.24% and a specificity of 93.33% in buffalo sera.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Diagnosis Of Cryptosporidiosis Using Affinity Purified Antigen

Aboelsoued

Hendawy

Abdullah

et al. 2022

Egyptian Journal of Veterinary Sciences

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C RYPTOSPORIDIOSIS is a significant disease that causes diarrhea in humans and animals with relatively high morbidity and mortality. The present study aimed to adopt a purified and potent antigen for the accurate diagnosis of cryptosporidiosis. A total of 278 animal hosts (60 newborn calves and 218 buffaloes) were used in the current study. Sixty fecal samples were collected from new-born calves aged less than one month raised in the Beni-Suef and Qalyubia governorates. The samples were examined under a microscope after modified Ziehl-Neelsen staining, and Cryptosporidium oocysts were isolated from naturally infected calves. These oocysts were used in mice experimental infection. The oocyst antigen and coproantigen were prepared from the mice feces. The diagnostic efficacy of the two prepared antigens was evaluated using an Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) with experimentally infected mice sera. The crude oocyst antigen proved to have higher diagnostic potential than coproantigen, so, it was chosen for purification using Cyanogen Bromide-activated Sepharose-4B affinity chromatography coupled with rabbit hyperimmune serum raised against oocyst antigen. The affinity purified fraction and its crude Cryptosporidium antigen were evaluated using the ELISA. The resulting purified fraction was 6733 fold increase in binding activity compared with its crude antigen. Characterization of the isolated fraction was performed using sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), western blot, and amino acid analysis. SDS-PAGE clarified that the fraction contained three polypeptides of 94.7, 65, and 50 kDa, which were identified as immune-reactive components using a western blot analysis. The isolated fraction exhibited 17 amino acids and was rich in tyrosine, alanine, and phenylalanine. The affinity purified Cryptosporidium oocyst antigen effectively detected Cryptosporidium antibodies in experimentally infected mice sera and naturally infected buffalo sera with a sensitivity of 94.4% and 95.24 %, and a specificity of 100% and 93.33%, respectively. The purified fraction succeeded in diagnosis of cryptosporidiosis in 182 random serum samples collected from buffaloes with an incidence of 57.14 %. In conclusion, the affinity purified fraction of the Cryptosporidium oocyst antigen might be a good diagnostic candidate for cryptosporidiosis diagnosis and seroepidemiological surveillance.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Diagnosis Of Cryptosporidiosis Using Affinity Purified Antigen

Aboelsoued

Hendawy

Abdullah

et al. 2022

Egyptian Journal of Veterinary Sciences

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“…The overall prevalence of Cryptosporidium infection in dairy cattle was 20.5%, which is comparable to other studies from Ghana [ 39 ], Nigeria [ 40 ], and Iraq [ 41 ]. However, the current result is higher than the report of Wegayehu et al [ 27 ], who reported from cattle reared under an extensive management system.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

Cryptosporidium in human-animal-environment interphase at Adama and Asella areas of Oromia regional state, Ethiopia

et al. 2022

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Background In Ethiopia, several studies have reported the occurrence of Cryptosporidium infection in young calves, lambs, and HIV positive patients. However, research on cattle and sheep of all ages, as well as humans, has been limited. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted to investigate the occurrence of Cryptosporidium in dairy cattle, sheep, humans, and manure samples. Dairy cattle and sheep were stratified according to their age groups and randomly sampled. Stool samples from volunteered dairy farm workers and rural household members were collected purposefully. A semi-structured questionnaire was also used to collect information about manure handling practices and socio-demographic variables. All collected samples were processed with the sugar floatation technique and the modified Ziehl–Neelsen staining method. Logistic regression was used to analyze the association of risk factors with the occurrence of Cryptosporidium in study subjects (p < 0.05). Results The overall prevalence of Cryptosporidium in dairy cattle, sheep, humans, and manure samples was 20.5%, 14%, 16%, and 13.20%, respectively. Cryptosporidium infection was significantly higher in dairy cattle aged 1–12 months and 13–36 months with odds of 3.48 and 3.07 times higher, respectively, compared to others. Similarly, its occurrence was 2.69 times higher in sheep aged 1–6 months than those above 6 months. And also, a higher average oocyst count (above 10 oocysts) per-field was observed in cattle aged 1–12 months, followed by sheep aged 1–6 months. Furthermore, the likelihood of infection was 13 times greater in farm workers compared to household members of smallholder farmers. In addition, the occurrence of oocysts was 22.8 times higher in manures from dairy cattle than that of sheep. About 16.8% of the study respondents had manure disposal pit, 98.1% of them used manure as fertilizer for crop and vegetable production without any treatment. Conclusions The study revealed the occurrence of Cryptosporidium infection in all age groups of dairy cattle and sheep, humans engaged in animal production. Occurrence of Cryptosporidium in manure suggests it potential contamination of environment and water sources.

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“…The current study found the overall prevalence of Cryptosporidium infection in dairy cattle was 20.5%. These ndings relatively agree with the results of other studies in cattle, with a prevalence of 23.7% from Ghana (Dankwa et al, 2021), 22.3% from Nigeria (Adamu et al, 2015), and 26.5% from Iraq (Saeed et al, 2019). However, the current result (23.7%) is higher than the report of Wegayehu et al (2013), who reported a 4.7 percent prevalence in dairy cattle reared under an extensive management system.…”

Section: Cryptosporidium Infection In Dairy Cattlesupporting

confidence: 91%

“…However, it is higher than the ndings from different parts of Ethiopia: 13.8% from East Wollega, 10% from Tigrai, 13% from Southern Ethiopia; 13.6% from Bishoftu; and 10.8% from West Showa (Ayana and Alemu, 2015;Hailu et al, 2020;Mullusew et al, 2020;Ebiyo and Haile, 2022;Ki eyohanes et al (2022). The prevalence (26%) in the (13-36) age groups is comparable with the ndings from Ghana (Dankwa et al, 2021) and Iraq (Saeed et al, 2019), with a prevalence of 27.3% and 21.88%, respectively.…”

Section: Cryptosporidium Infection In Dairy Cattlesupporting

confidence: 76%

Cryptosporidium in Dairy Cattle, Sheep, Humans, and Manure in and around Adama and Asella Towns, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia

Berhanu,

Ayana,

Megerssa

2022

Preprint

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In Ethiopia, several studies have reported the occurrence of Cryptosporidium infection in young calves, lambs, and HIV positive patients. However, studies on cattle and sheep of all age categories, and humans (farm workers and animal owners) were limited. A cross-sectional study design was thus conducted from October 2021 to April 2022 to study the occurrence of Cryptosporidium in dairy cattle, sheep, humans, and manure in and around Adama and Asella towns, Oromia, Ethiopia. Dairy cattle and sheep were stratified according to their age and randomly sampled. Stool samples from volunteered farm workers and household members were collected purposefully. A semi-structured questionnaire was also used to collect information about manure handling practices. All samples (dairy cattle = 234, sheep = 200, humans = 56, manure = 58) were processed with sugar floatation technique and the modified Ziehl-Neelsen staining method. A univariate regression analysis was used to test the association of individual factors with the occurrence of Cryptosporidium. Associated factors were subjected to multivariate regression analysis to identify potential risk factors. The overall prevalence of Cryptosporidium in dairy cattle, sheep, humans, and manure was 20.5%, 14%, 16%, and 13.20%, respectively. The occurrence of Cryptosporidium infection in dairy cattle at the ages of 1–12 months and 13–36 months was 3.48 and 3.07 times higher, respectively, in comparison to the age above 36 months. Similarly, the occurrence was 2.69 times higher in sheep aged 1–6 months than in those aged older than 6 months. And also, a higher average level of oocyst count (above 10 oocysts) per-field was examined in dairy cattle (3/48) aged 1–12 months, followed by sheep (1/28) aged 1–6 months. Furthermore, the likelihood of infection was 13 times greater in farm workers compared with the rural farmer members. In addition, the occurrence of oocysts was 22.8 times higher in manures from dairy cattle than manure from sheep. From data on manure handling practices, only 16.8% of them had manure storage holes, 98.1% used manure for crop production, and all of them used manure without treatment. The current study revealed the occurrence of Cryptosporidium infection in all age groups of dairy cattle and sheep, farm workers, animal owners, and manures. Therefore, more studies on adult animals and manure is required to investigate their contribution to environmental contamination as well as their role as a source of infection in young calves and lambs. In addition, molecular characterization is also required to identify the zoonotic species of Cryptosporidium.

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Cryptosporidium Infection and Associated Risk Factors among Cattle in the Central Region of Ghana

Cited by 6 publications

References 38 publications

Diagnosis Of Cryptosporidiosis Using Affinity Purified Antigen

Diagnosis Of Cryptosporidiosis Using Affinity Purified Antigen

Cryptosporidium in human-animal-environment interphase at Adama and Asella areas of Oromia regional state, Ethiopia

Cryptosporidium in Dairy Cattle, Sheep, Humans, and Manure in and around Adama and Asella Towns, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia

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