Cryptosporidium in fish: Implications for aquaculture and beyond

Golomazou, Eleni; Malandrakis, Emmanouil E.; Panagiotaki, Panagiota; Karanis, Panagiotis

doi:10.1016/j.watres.2021.117357

Cited by 18 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 99 publications

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“…Cryptosporidium hominis is the dominant species in humans in many industrialised countries and in developing countries, whereas, in the Middle East, European countries and New Zealand, C. parvum occurs at similar rates to C. hominis [ 1 ], indicating that zoonotic transmission is more prevalent in countries with intensive farming [ 122 ]. Although largely anthropologically transmitted, there have been numerous reports of C. hominis in animals (including non-human primates, cattle, sheep, goats, horses, donkeys, Bactrian camels, birds, marsupials, a dugong, badger, dingo, foxes, flying fox, rodents, and fish) and experimental infections has been established in calves, lambs, piglets, gerbils, and mice [ 123 , 124 , 125 ]. In human infectivity trials, the 50% infectious dose (ID 50 ) was as low as 10 C. hominis oocysts [ 126 ], however, in animal models, much larger numbers of oocysts were required to achieve infections, suggesting that higher doses are required to cause infection in animals [ 125 ].…”

Section: Zoonotic Cryptosporidium Species and Genotypesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Cryptosporidium parvum has a very wide host range infecting ungulates, wildlife (including carnivores, rodents, non-human primates, marine mammals and fish) and is the most important zoonotic species in humans, particularly in rural areas with frequent contact with livestock [ 1 , 11 , 22 , 23 , 124 , 141 , 142 ]. Calves, sheep and goats are major contributors to zoonotic C. parvum transmission with significant differences in prevalence [ 11 , 22 , 23 , 143 ].…”

Section: Zoonotic Cryptosporidium Species and Genotypesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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An Update on Zoonotic Cryptosporidium Species and Genotypes in Humans

Ryan

Zahedi

Feng

et al. 2021

Animals

116

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The enteric parasite, Cryptosporidium is a major cause of diarrhoeal illness in humans and animals worldwide. No effective therapeutics or vaccines are available and therefore control is dependent on understanding transmission dynamics. The development of molecular detection and typing tools has resulted in the identification of a large number of cryptic species and genotypes and facilitated our understanding of their potential for zoonotic transmission. Of the 44 recognised Cryptosporidium species and >120 genotypes, 19 species, and four genotypes have been reported in humans with C. hominis, C. parvum, C. meleagridis, C. canis and C. felis being the most prevalent. The development of typing tools that are still lacking some zoonotic species and genotypes and more extensive molecular epidemiological studies in countries where the potential for transmission is highest are required to further our understanding of this important zoonotic pathogen. Similarly, whole-genome sequencing (WGS) and amplicon next-generation sequencing (NGS) are important for more accurately tracking transmission and understanding the mechanisms behind host specificity.

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Section: Zoonotic Cryptosporidium Species and Genotypesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Zoonotic Cryptosporidium Species and Genotypesmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Update on Zoonotic Cryptosporidium Species and Genotypes in Humans

Ryan

Zahedi

Feng

et al. 2021

Animals

116

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Bacterial infections cause massive mortalities in intensive aquaculture, leading to serious economic losses ( 1 , 2 ). The bacterial diseases of aquaculture animals are often prevented and treated by chemotherapeutants.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Oral Administration of Nanopeptide CMCS-20H Conspicuously Boosts Immunity and Precautionary Effect Against Bacterial Infection in Fish

et al. 2022

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Massive mortalities caused by bacterial infections in intensive aquaculture result in serious economic losses. In this study, a novel antimicrobial peptide gcIFN-20H was efficiently expressed in Pichia pastoris (GS115) and loaded on carboxylmethyl chitosan (CMCS) to prepare CMCS-20H nanoparticles. Through physical characterization assays (TEM, DLS, BCA, and Raman) and biological activity tests (antimicrobial activity and cytotoxicity), CMCS-20H nanopeptide was verified to be spherical nanoparticles with sustained release, antimicrobial activity, and negligible toxicity. CMCS-20H nanoparticles are more resistant to intestinal degradation than unloaded gcIFN-20H by indirect immunofluorescence assay. Oral administration was then carried out for 42 days. Complement C3 content, lysozyme, and total superoxide dismutase activities are highest in CMCS-20H group by serum biochemistry index assays. After challenge with Aeromonas hydrophila, the survival rate in CMCS-20H group is highest (46%), which is 64% higher than the control group (28%). Meanwhile, the tissue bacterial loads (intestine, spleen, head kidney, trunk kidney, hepatopancreas, muscle, and blood) in the CMCS-20H group are significantly lower than other groups. By PAS staining analysis, the number of intestinal villi goblet cells and the thickness of mucin in the CMCS-20H group obviously increased. CMCS-20H effectively enhances mRNA expressions of some important immune genes (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, IL-2, IFN-γ2, and IgM). The minimal tissue lesions (Intestine, spleen, and trunk kidney) were seen in the CMCS-20H group by histopathological examination. 16S rRNA sequencing showed that oral CMCS-20H maintains the intestinal microbiome homeostasis in bacterial infection. The results indicate that the novel nanopeptide CMCS-20H as the immunopotentiator can remarkably boost fish immunity and precautionary effect by oral administration and address the theoretical mechanisms and insights into the promising application prospect in aquaculture.

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“…Cryptosporidium infections in fish can be asymptomatic, but they can also cause severe disease and death. To date, more than 29 novel piscine-associated Cryptosporidium genotypes have been identified in fish, with the most common three being Cryptosporidium molnari, Cryptosporidium scophthalmi, and Cryptosporidium huwi (Golomazou et al 2021).…”

Section: Incidence Histological Molecular Cryptosporidium Molnarimentioning

confidence: 99%