Cryptosporidium animal species in Iran: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Abstract

Background Cryptosporidiosis is an acute and short-term infection which can lead to severe diarrhea (intestinal cryptosporidiosis) associated with a persistent cough in the host with immune system defect. This systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted to estimate the prevalence of animal Cryptosporidium species and the corresponding epidemiological aspects in Iran. Methods In this study, all original research articles relating to the animal cryptosporidiosis in Iran were collected from reliable databases using keywords. A meta-analysis was conducted separately for each subgroup, and heterogeneity among the studies was performed using the Q and I2 tests. Furthermore, it should be noticed that the significance level in the statistical analysis with the Comprehensive Meta-analysis software was considered to be less than 0.05. Finally, meta-analysis results were shown in forest plot with a 95% CI. Results In total, 4795 studies were included in the initial screening. Duplicated or non-original studies and the ones which did not meet our considered criteria were excluded from the list. Out of the 100 articles included in our first list for the meta-analysis, 40, 16, 13, 10, 9, 7, and 5 were done on cattle and calves, birds, dogs, sheep, rodents, camels, and horses, respectively. The prevalence rate of cryptosporidiosis among the birds, horses, rodents, camels, dogs, cattle, and sheep in Iran was estimated to be 7.5%, 19.5%, 20.8%, 8.4%, 4.9%, 14.4%, and 9.1%, respectively. Conclusion The different Cryptosporidium species have been found in different regions of Iran. Geographical region, climate, and domestic animals are considered as factors responsible for animal cryptosporidiosis prevalence in the area. Moreover, this parasite is zoonotic which causes disease in animals as well as humans which can result in economic loss.

Wildlife Is a Potential Source of Human Infections of Enterocytozoon bieneusi and Giardia duodenalis in Southeastern China

“…Currently, ∼40 named Cryptosporidium species and close to 50 genotypes have been reported ( Feng et al, 2018 ; Haghi et al, 2020 ). There are ∼20 species of Cryptosporidium identified in humans ( Xiao, 2010 ), of which Cryptosporidium parvum and Cryptosporidium hominis are the most common species infecting humans ( Feng et al, 2018 ).…”

Prevalence and Characterization of Cryptosporidium Species in Tibetan Antelope (Pantholops hodgsonii)

“…The overall Cryptosporidium prevalence was 3.03%, which was significantly lower than that in sheep and goats in Kuwait (9.71%, 54/556) ( Majeed et al, 2018 ), Jordan (10.53%, 12/114) ( Hijjawi et al, 2016 ), Poland (24.78%, 84/339) ( Kaupke et al, 2017 ), Spain (5.9%, 33/58) ( Díaz et al, 2018 ), sheep in Iran (9.1%) ( Haghi et al, 2020 ), goat in Australia (27.2%) ( Al-Habsi et al, 2017 ), and Norwegian sheep in Norway (15%) ( Robertson et al, 2010 ). It is also lower than that in sheep and/or goats in many provinces of China, such as goats in Henan and Chongqing (3.48%, 44/1256) ( Wang et al, 2014 ), Guangdong, Hubei, Shandong, and Shanghai (11.4%, 69/604) ( Mi et al, 2014 ), Tibetan sheep in Qinghai (12.3%, 43/350) ( Li et al, 2016 ), sheep in 10 provinces of China (28.5%, 295/1035) ( Mi et al, 2018 ), but higher than that of sheep in Xinjiang (0.9%, 3/318) ( Qi et al, 2019 ).…”

Molecular evaluation of Cryptosporidium spp. among breeding calves of Lorestan province Western Iran

“…Cryptosporidium , an obligate intracellular coccidian protozoan parasite of the phylum of Apicomplexa , is an essential intestinal pathogen with a wide distribution in young animals and humans (Sunnotel et al., 2006 ). Cryptosporidium is easily spread in the environment due to its simple transmission through contaminated water, air, and dust (Haghi et al., 2020 ). Cryptosporidiosis is a major economic problem in many countries, including Iran (Azami, 2007 ; Haghi et al., 2020 ; Hassanpour, 2008 ; Maleki & Nayebzadeh, 2008 ; Parsa, 2007 ).…”