Cryptosporidium and Cryptosporidiosis

Xiao, Lihua; Cama, Vitaliano

doi:10.1007/978-3-319-67664-7_5

Cited by 12 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 267 publications

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“…Due to immunosuppression, symptoms of cryptosporidiosis in patients with AIDS are expressed differently in terms of severity, duration, and responses to drug treatment. It has been shown that there is a significant relationship between increased mortality rates and cryptosporidiosis in AIDS patients [19,179]. Similarly, in the present meta-analysis, we showed that the patients with low CD4 counts had a higher prevalence rate of Cryptosporidium infection (p < 0.0001).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

Cryptosporidiosis in HIV-positive patients and related risk factors: A systematic review and meta-analysis

et al. 2020

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Cryptosporidium is one of the major causes of diarrhea in HIV-positive patients. The aim of this study is to systematically review and meta-analyze the prevalence of Cryptosporidium in these patients. PubMed, Science Direct, Google Scholar, Web of Science, Cochrane and Ovid databases were searched for relevant studies dating from the period of 1 January 2000 to 31 December 2017. Data extraction for the included studies was performed independently by two authors. The overall pooled prevalence was calculated and subgroup analysis was performed on diagnostic methods, geographical distribution and study population. Meta-regression was performed on the year of publication, proportion of patients with diarrhea, and proportion of patients with CD4 < 200 cells/mL. One hundred and sixty-one studies and 51,123 HIV-positive participants were included. The overall pooled prevalence of Cryptosporidium infection in HIV-positive patients was 11.2% (CI95%: 9.4%–13.0%). The pooled prevalence was estimated to be 10.0% (CI95%: 8.4%–11.8%) using staining methods, 13.5% (CI95%: 8.9%–19.8%) using molecular methods, and 26.3% (CI95%: 15.0%–42.0%) using antigen detection methods. The prevalence of Cryptosporidium in HIV patients was significantly associated with the country of study. Also, there were statistical differences between the diarrhea, CD4 < 200 cells/mL, and antiretroviral therapy risk factors with Cryptosporidiosis. Thus, Cryptosporidium is a common infection in HIV-positive patients, and safe water and hand-hygiene should be implemented to prevent cryptosporidiosis occurrence in these patients.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

Cryptosporidiosis in HIV-positive patients and related risk factors: A systematic review and meta-analysis

et al. 2020

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“…ranged from 4.4% to 23.7%, with C. bovis as the major species [ 14 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 ]. Previously, geographic differences have been reported in the distribution of subtypes of C. hominis , C. parvum , and Cryptosporidium chipmunk genotype I in humans, reflecting differences in the transmission dynamics of those pathogens [ 8 , 33 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Subtyping Cryptosporidium ryanae: A Common Pathogen in Bovine Animals

et al. 2020

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Cryptosporidium ryanae is one of the most common species for cryptosporidiosis in cattle. However, little is known of the genetic characteristics of C. ryanae due to the lack of subtyping tools. In the present study, the 60-kDa glycoprotein (gp60) gene of C. ryanae was identified in whole genome sequence data and analyzed for sequence characteristics using bioinformatics tools. The protein it encodes had some of the typical characteristics of GP60 proteins, with a signal peptide, a furin cleavage site, and a glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor at the C terminus of the protein, and numerous O-glycosylation sites. The gene sequence was used in the development of a subtyping tool, which was used in characterizing C. ryanae from 110 specimens from dairy cattle, 2 from beef cattle, 6 from yaks, and 4 from water buffaloes in China. Altogether, 17 subtypes from 8 subtype families were recognized, namely XXIa to XXIh. Possible host adaption was identified within this species, reflected by the unique occurrence of XXIa, XXIc, and XXIh in dairy cattle, yaks, and water buffaloes, respectively. Some geographical differences were detected in the distribution of subtype families in dairy cattle; specimens from southern China showed higher genetic diversity than from northern China, and the XXIa subtype family was only seen in dairy cattle in southern and eastern China. The gp60-based subtyping tool should be useful in molecular epidemiological studies of the transmission of C. ryanae.

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“…This study agreed with many studies of researchers who confirmed the spread of the parasite in children under the age of ten, including [31] , if a high rate of infection was found in children aged 1-8 years, as well as the studies of many researchers who confirmed on the high incidence of [32] in Turkey, as they indicated that the highest percentage of cryptosporidiosis was in the age group less than 12 years old, and in Diyala Governorate, such as the study of Waldron et al ( 2011) [33] in Australia that cryptosporidiosis was highest in children aged 1-4 years, and previous studies conducted in different tropical countries showed that children under the age of two years are most likely to be infected with Cryptosporidium, with reported percentages ranging from than 18.9% in southern India [34]. Moreover, the results of the current study were inconsistent with those of Mbanugom & Agu (2006) [35] who reported that the incidence was 14.0% among children aged 3 months to 15 years in Nigeria as well as the findings of [36] [37] in Cairo / Egypt showed that the highest infection rate was 88.8% for the age group between one and two years.…”

Section: The Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cryptosporidium parvum parasite microscopic and molecular diagnostics in the Holy Karbala/ Iraq .

2022

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Cryptosporidium and Cryptosporidiosis

Cited by 12 publications

References 267 publications

Cryptosporidiosis in HIV-positive patients and related risk factors: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Cryptosporidiosis in HIV-positive patients and related risk factors: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Subtyping Cryptosporidium ryanae: A Common Pathogen in Bovine Animals

Cryptosporidium parvum parasite microscopic and molecular diagnostics in the Holy Karbala/ Iraq .

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