Cryptosporidiosis in Animals and Man: 1. Taxonomic Classification, Life Cycle, Epidemiology and Zoonotic Importance

Ghazy, Alaa A.; Abdel-Shafy, Sobhy; Shaapan, Raafat M.

doi:10.3923/aje.2015.48.63

Cited by 19 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 79 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…The genus Cryptosporidium belongs to the phylum Apicomplexa, class -Sporozoasida, subclass -Coccidiasina, order Eucoccidiorida, suborder Eimeriorina, family Cryptosporidiidae [28]. Cryptosporidium has been classifi ed together with other intestinal coccidian parasites in the order Eucoccidiorida based on their similar morphology and life cycle [29]. Morphology and species diversity Currently, 29 species and more than 60 genotypes of Cryptosporidium are recognizedvalid based on morphological, biological, and molecular data, including recently described C. rubeyi in ground squirrels from the genus Spermophilus [30].…”

Section: Taxonomymentioning

confidence: 99%

Cryptosporidiosis: History, Etiology, Biology, Pathogenesis and Pathoanatomy - A Review

Dragomirova

2022

Journal of Biomedical and Clinical Research

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Summary Cryptosporidiosis is a protozoan disease, usually asymptomatic. However, in some cases, the infection can progress to gastroenteritis and, more rarely, to colitis. Intensive studies on the biology of Cryptosporidium started in the 20th century after the outbreak of a major waterborne epidemic. The interest in this parasitosis increased after the WHO identified it as an opportunistic parasitosis - an indicator of AIDS. In this regard, the purpose of this article is to provide a scientific overview of this parasitosis, analyzing the state and development of modern research in a global and national aspect.

show abstract

Section: Taxonomymentioning

confidence: 99%

Cryptosporidiosis: History, Etiology, Biology, Pathogenesis and Pathoanatomy - A Review

Dragomirova

2022

Journal of Biomedical and Clinical Research

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Mus musculus (Mice) 1 and other rodents, Homo sapiens (Humans); Bos Taurus (Cattle); Ovis Aries (Sheep); Sus (Pigs); Capra aegagrus hircus (Goats); Equidae (Horses); Cervidae (Deer) Tyzzer (1912) C. saurophilum N/A Squamata (Lizards) 1 ; Elaphe guttata (Snake) Koudela and Modrý (1998) C. scrofarum N/A Sus (Pigs) 1 Kváč et al (2013) C. serpentis N/A Elaphe guttata (Snake) 1 ; Squamata (Lizards) Levine (1980) Vetterling, Jervis, Merril, and Sprinz (1971) C. xiaoi N/A Ovis Aries (Sheep) 1 ; Capra aegagrus hircus (Goat) Fayer and Santín (2009) Sources: Smith et al (2007); Ghazy et al (2015); Fayer (2010); Ren et al (2012); Xiao and Feng (2017)…”

Section: Cryptosporidium Nomenclature and Host Specificitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection and Genotyping of Cryptosporidium Spp. in Biofilms and Cattle Feces From the Black River Watershed, Jamaica

Morris¹

2021

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Cryptosporidium is a protozoan parasite that causes the gastrointestinal disease cryptosporidiosis. The disease is endemic in most tropical countries including Jamaica; yet underreported from environmental sources. This is of concern because the primary source of anthropocentric cryptosporidiosis is surface water contaminated by human effluent and animal waste in runoff. This dissertation therefore, focuses on three main areas of research: 1) optimization and assessment of effective methods for detecting Cryptosporidium from environmental samples; 2) application of methods to analyze biofilm and cattle feces collected from the Black River watershed, located in the rural parish of St. Elizabeth, Jamaica; 3) molecular characterization of PCR-positive detections to identify Cryptosporidium species and genotypes, thereby provide inference to waterborne transmission, mitigation, and zoonotic potential within the region. First, foundational work of this dissertation focused on the development of in situ biofilm sampling for Cryptosporidium detection. Application was then performed in the Black River network for initial screening of oocysts from biofilms collected from 5 sites, and 119 cattle fecal specimens collected from 10 farms. Multiple techniques were employed to confirm the absence or presence of Cryptosporidium, including Immunofluorescence Assay (IFA) and Modified Acid-Fast (MAF) microscopy, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA), and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). Results show that oocysts were widely dispersed in biofilms and cattle specimens. Highest prevalence was observed amoung dairy cattle compared to beef cattle, presumably due to confined space. Results also highlight inconsistencies between detection methods, confirming that from environmental sources—where inhibitors are abundant and oocysts concentrations are naturally low—a single technique may be ineffective for understanding transmission dynamics. The second part of this dissertation focused on molecular characterization. Fourteen PCR-positive biofilm and cattle samples were subjected to gene sequencing and phylogeny. A low species diversity consisting of C. parvum and C. hominis were identified; the two most common species involved in anthropocentric infections. A specific 18S rRNA isolate of C. parvum was found in both biofilm and cattle samples (with 99% identity), indicating that a geographically distinct, clonal genotype of C. parvum potentially exists within the region. Further subtyping analysis of the gp60 locus identified one C. hominis subtype (IbA9G2), formally identified in human populations worldwide. Moreover, the IbA9G2 subtype was recently linked to calf infections in France, as well as a waterborne outbreak in Germany. In conclusion, this dissertation is the first to detect and characterize Cryptosporidium species and genotypes from surface water biofilms and cattle feces in Jamaica, providing informative data pertaining to public health and animal agriculture. Moreover, this research advocates the importance of utilizing multiple detection methods and sources for effective screening of Cryptosporidium throughout the environment. Whilst meaningful interpretations of Cryptosporidium population structures are developed, useful databases can form through analyzing a well-planned set of environmental samples.

show abstract

“…are intracellular and extracytoplasmic, undergoing a monoxenous life cycle where they complete their entire life cycle, both sexual and asexual stages, within a single host (Ghazy et al, 2015). They are distinguished by other several features including their small spherical size (diameter typically around 4 – 6 μm), minimal mitochondrial genome (∼9.2 Mbp), the ability to initiate self-infection in both zoonotic and anthroponotic potentials, their high resistance to disinfectants (up to 15,300 mg-min/L), and the ability to retain infectivity potential for up to several months outside of their hosts (CDC, 2021; Ghazy et al, 2015; Helmy & Hafez, 2022; Khan et al, 2018; King & Monis, 2007; Shields et al, 2008). To date, around 44 Cryptosporidium species have been identified, some of which are host-specific while others are ubiquitous in terms of host infectivity (Ryan et al, 2021).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Molecular-based Methods for the Detection and Quantification ofCryptosporidiumspp. in Wastewater

Hachimi,

Falender,

Davis

et al. 2024

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Cryptosporidium, a eukaryotic protozoan parasite, poses a significant public health risk as a cause of waterborne disease worldwide. Clinical surveillance of cryptosporidiosis is estimated to be largely underreported due to the asymptomatic and mildly symptomatic infections, clinical misdiagnoses, and barriers to access testing. Unlike clinical surveillance, wastewater surveillance overcomes these limitations and could serve as an effective tool for identifying cryptosporidiosis at the population level. Despite its potential, the lack of standardized methods forCryptosporidiumspp. detection in wastewater challenges the comparability of studies. Additionally, the use of standard methods for the detection and quantification ofCryptosporidiumspp. in surface waters may not be appropriate for wastewater samples due to the more complex composition of the wastewater matrix. Thus, in this study, we evaluated methods for concentratingCryptosporidiumoocysts from wastewater, extracting DNA, and detecting its genetic markers, using wastewater seeded withC. parvumoocysts. The evaluated concentration methods included electronegative membrane filtration, Envirocheck HV capsule filtration, centrifugation, and Nanotrap Microbiome particles. All methods except the Nanotrap Microbiome particles were conducted with or without additional purification via immunomagnetic separation. For DNA extractions, we tested the DNeasy Powersoil Pro kit and the QIAamp DNA Mini kit, while assessing the impact of bead beating and freeze-thaw cycles on DNA yield. Genetic detection was performed using qPCR targeting theCryptosporidium18S rRNA gene. Our results indicated that centrifugation yielded the highest oocyst recoveries (39-77%), followed by the Nanotrap Microbiome particles (24%), electronegative filtration with a phosphate buffered saline with 20% Tween 80 elution (22%), and Envirocheck HV capsule filtration (13%). IMS was found to be unsuitable due to interference from the wastewater matrix, significantly reducing recovery rates to 0.03 to 4%. DNA yields were highest with bead-beating pretreatment with either the DNeasy Powersoil Pro kit (314 gc/μL DNA) or the QIAamp DNA Mini kit (238 gc/μL DNA). In contrast, freeze-thaw pretreatment reduced DNA yields to under 92 gc/μL DNA, likely through DNA degradation. This study is amongst the first to compare different concentration methods, including Nanotrap Microbiome particles, and DNA extraction methods that can be utilized forCryptosporidiumspp. wastewater surveillance, highlighting the importance of method selection for accurate detection and quantification.

show abstract

Cryptosporidiosis in Animals and Man: 1. Taxonomic Classification, Life Cycle, Epidemiology and Zoonotic Importance

Cited by 19 publications

References 79 publications

Cryptosporidiosis: History, Etiology, Biology, Pathogenesis and Pathoanatomy - A Review

Cryptosporidiosis: History, Etiology, Biology, Pathogenesis and Pathoanatomy - A Review

Detection and Genotyping of Cryptosporidium Spp. in Biofilms and Cattle Feces From the Black River Watershed, Jamaica

Evaluation of Molecular-based Methods for the Detection and Quantification ofCryptosporidiumspp. in Wastewater

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About