Cryptosporidiosis: A zoonotic disease concern

Abstract

Cryptosporidiosis is considered to be a crucial zoonotic disease caused by worldwide distributing parasitic protozoa called Cryptosporidium spp. Cryptosporidiosis becomes a major public health and veterinary concern by affecting in human and various host range species of animals. Essentially, its importance of infection is increasing because of the high incidence in young children, immunocompromised persons, or immunodeficiency syndrome patients, especially in HIV/AIDS, and it is also one of the most causes of mortality in those patients who infected with Cryptosporidium spp. as well as young animals. All domestic animal, livestock, wildlife, and human can be potential reservoirs that contribute Cryptosporidium spp. to food and surface waters and transmitted to other hosts through fecal-oral route. The oocyst stage of Cryptosporidium spp. can remain infective and resistant to various environmental exposure and also resistant to many general disinfecting agents including chlorination which normally used in water treatment. Therefore, the understanding of these zoonotic pathogens is very essential in both animal and human health. This review focuses on the biology, life cycle, transmission, diagnosis, treatment, prevention, and control of this protozoan infection to emphasize and remind as the significant One Health problem.

Anti-parasitic activity of polyether ionophores

“…Cryptosporidiosis is a potentially severe and life-threating parasitic disease caused by protozoans of the genus Cryptosporidium [165,166]. Cryptosporidiosis in farm and wild animals is associated with weight loss and mortality, but may also cause zoonotic infections in humans [167][168][169]. It is one of the most common waterborne diseases in humans, and can be found worldwide in both recreational and drinking water [170].…”

S-Methylcysteine (SMC) Ameliorates Intestinal, Hepatic, and Splenic Damage Induced by Cryptosporidium parvum Infection Via Targeting Inflammatory Modulators and Oxidative Stress in Swiss Albino Mice

“…Among others, numerous outbreaks of zoonotic cryptosporidiosis have been described as major protozoan waterborne cause of diarrhoea in humans worldwide [ 1 , 4 , 5 ]. This waterborne disease is caused by leading unicellular protozoan of the genus Cryptosporidium [ 5 , 6 ]. Among all identified species of this protozoan, Cryptosporidium parvum has been considered an important zoonotic species with a wide epidemiological profile that includes multiple hosts and reservoirs [ 4 , 6 , 7 ].…”

“…This waterborne disease is caused by leading unicellular protozoan of the genus Cryptosporidium [ 5 , 6 ]. Among all identified species of this protozoan, Cryptosporidium parvum has been considered an important zoonotic species with a wide epidemiological profile that includes multiple hosts and reservoirs [ 4 , 6 , 7 ]. Humans might contract the infection mainly through the fecal–oral route via ingestion and less likely through inhalation of coughed on fomites [ 5 , 8 ].…”

Clinical-Pathological Conference Series from the Medical University of Graz

“…Cryptosporidium parvum, C. hominis and C. meleagridis are the most common species of the genus Cryptosporidium in humans, with C. parvum and C. hominis being responsible for more than 90% of cryptosporidiosis cases [ 9 ]. This disease frequently occurs in tropical and subtropical countries [ 10 ]. Due to climate changes entailing a higher frequency of heavy rainfalls or floods, the incidence of cryptosporidiosis has also been rising in Europe in recent years with C. hominis as the most common pathogen [ 11 ].…”

“…is usually detected by microscopic examination of stool specimens using different preparation techniques, such as acid-fast staining, direct fluorescent antibodies and/or enzyme immunoassays to detect Cryptosporidium spp. antigens [ 10 ]. Cyclospora cayetanensis is a protozoon that is closely related to Cryptosporidium.…”