Cryptorchidism and its impact on male fertility: a state of art review of current literature

Chung, Eric; Brock, Gerald

doi:10.5489/cuaj.645

Cited by 35 publications

(47 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…The genetic background for isolated cryptorchidism is still at an early stage of investigation, but genetic aberrations are usually found in cases of cryptorchidism associated with other genital abnormalities or syndromes [13,14] . The mechanisms of infertility in cryptorchid boys are thought to be both hormone-and position dependent [15] . Genetically, programmed impaired interactions between hormones and tissues result in one or both cryptorchid testes, and they alter the gonad histological pattern and spermatogonia development [16] .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Incidence of High Infertility Risk among Unilateral Cryptorchid Boys

Bilius¹,

Verkauskas²,

Dasevičius³

et al. 2015

Urol Int

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Background: Increasing evidence of progressive damage to germ cell development in boys with cryptorchidism suggests recommending surgery until one year of age. However, despite early and successful orchidopexy, cryptorchid boys with impaired mini-puberty will suffer from infertility. We reviewed changes in the timing of surgery during the past decade and the incidence of unilateral cryptorchid boys with defective mini-puberty. Methods: Medical registries were reviewed for all patients who were operated on for cryptorchidism at the main pediatric urological center of the country. The ages of surgery in cases of unilateral cryptorchidism were compared between the years 2000-2001 and 2012-2013. A high risk of infertility was considered when no Ad spermatogonia were found. Two groups were compared: group I - operated on until the age of 1.5 years and group II - older than 1.5 years. Results: The average age at operation decreased from 5.3 to 4.1 years. Forty-six biopsies in boys with unilateral cryptorchidism were made during orchidopexy on undescended testicles. Overall, 44% in group I and 50 % in group II (p > 0.05) had no Ad spermatogonia. Conclusions: The average age of operation for cryptorchidism has decreased, but remains far above the recommended age. The high prevalence of histologically proven risk of infertility underscores the necessity of more education regarding the importance of earlier surgery and the research on hormonal prevention of infertility.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Incidence of High Infertility Risk among Unilateral Cryptorchid Boys

Bilius¹,

Verkauskas²,

Dasevičius³

et al. 2015

Urol Int

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“…Clegg (1965) interpreted interstitial cell hyperplasia and hypertrophy as reflecting compensatory changes in the contralateral scrotal testis of unilateral cryptorchids. Ironically, other investigators noted atrophy of interstitial cells with various degrees of regressive changes in cell organelles (Chung and Brock, 2011 effect of cryptorchidism on the interstitial cell need further investigations to elucidate if there are hyperplasia and/or hypertrophy of the interstitial cells in unilateral cryptorchid cases. Therefore, the present study was aimed to examine the cytology and quantitative histology of interstitial cells in the scrotal and retained testes of the unilateral cryptorchid goat in Nigerian environment.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Quantitative and cytological studies of interstitial (Leydig) cells in the scrotal and retained testes of unilateral cryptorchid West African Dwarf goats

Okpe

Ezeasor

2016

Small Ruminant Research

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“…Cryptorchidism is the most frequent congenital disorder in newborn boys [Miller et al, 2009;Chung and Brock, 2011]. Noticeably, cryptorchidism represents the most common cause of nonobstructive azoospermia in man [Fedder et al, 2004].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Gene Expression Changes Underlying Idiopathic Central Hypogonadism in Cryptorchidism with Defective Mini-Puberty

Hadžiselimović¹,

Gegenschatz‐Schmid²,

Verkauskas³

et al. 2016

Sex Dev

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The whole genome RNA profiling of testicular biopsies by DNA strand-specific RNA sequencing was examined to determine a potential causative role of isolated congenital cryptorchidism in azoospermia and/or infertility in the context of our previously published GeneChip data. Cryptorchid patients, aged 7 months to 5 years and otherwise healthy, were enrolled in this prospective study. During surgery, testicular tissue biopsies were obtained for histological examination and RNA sequencing. Fifteen patients were selected based on the histological results and were divided into 2 groups. Seven were classified as belonging to the high infertility risk (HIR) and 8 to the low infertility risk (LIR) group. Cryptorchid boys in the HIR group lacked transformation of gonocytes into Ad spermatogonia due to impaired mini-puberty. This group of patients will be infertile despite successful surgery. The new important finding was a decreased PROK2, CHD7, FGFR1, and SPRY4 gene expression in the HIR group. Furthermore, identification of multiple differences in gene expression between HIR and LIR groups underscores the importance of an intact hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis for fertility development. Our RNA profiling data strongly support the theory that in the HIR group of cryptorchid boys insufficient PROK2/CHD7/FGFR1/SPRY4 gene expression induces deficient LH secretion, resulting in impaired mini-puberty and infertility. We therefore recommend hormonal treatment for this cohort of cryptorchid boys with defective mini-puberty following a seemingly successful orchidopexy.

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Cryptorchidism and its impact on male fertility: a state of art review of current literature

Cited by 35 publications

References 20 publications

Incidence of High Infertility Risk among Unilateral Cryptorchid Boys

Incidence of High Infertility Risk among Unilateral Cryptorchid Boys

Quantitative and cytological studies of interstitial (Leydig) cells in the scrotal and retained testes of unilateral cryptorchid West African Dwarf goats

Gene Expression Changes Underlying Idiopathic Central Hypogonadism in Cryptorchidism with Defective Mini-Puberty

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