Cryptographic primitives in blockchains

Wang, Licheng; Shen, Xiaoying; Li, Jing; Shao, Jun; Yang, Yixian

doi:10.1016/j.jnca.2018.11.003

Cited by 154 publications

(73 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…This enables our system to be adopted by existing IT infrastructures which are looking to manage their data transactions through blockchain. In our proposed framework, we have used standard cryptographic primitives regularly used in IoT and blockchain and has been rigorously evaluated . This helped to move security and privacy services at the framework level, instead of at application level.…”

Section: Evaluation and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Blockchain and edge computing–based architecture for participatory smart city applications

Khan

Abbasi

Pervez

2019

Concurrency and Computation

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Smart cities aim to provide smart governance with the emphasis on gaining high transparency and trust in public services and enabling citizen participation in decision making processes.This means on the one hand data generated from urban transactions need to be open and trustworthy. On the other hand, security and privacy of public data needs to be handled at different administrative and geographical levels. In this paper, we investigate the pivotal role of blockchain in providing privacy, self-verification, authentication, and authorization of participatory transactions in open governance. We also investigate up to what extent edge computing can contribute toward management of permissioned sharing at specific administrative levels and enhance privacy and provide an economic approach for resource utilization in a distributed environment. We introduce a novel architecture that is based on distributed hybrid ledger and edge computing model. The architecture provides refined and secure management of data generated and processed in different geographical and administrative units of a city.We implemented a proof of concept of the architecture and applied it on a carefully designed use case, ie, citizen participation in administrative decisions through consensus. This use case highlights the need to keep and process citizen participation data at local level by deploying district chaincodes and only share consensus results through permissioned chaincodes. The results reveal that proposed architecture is scalable and provide secure and privacy protected environment for citizen participatory applications. Our performance test results are promising and show that under control conditions, the average registration time for a citizen transaction is about 42 ms, whilst the validation and result compilation of 100 concurrent citizens' transactions took about 2.4 seconds. INTRODUCTIONSmart cities are becoming prevalent in urban areas to deal with different societal challenges such as sustainable transport, energy, greenhouse gas emissions and monitoring, public health and quality of life, economic and job growth, etc. 1,2 The ubiquitous nature of smart IT-based solutions provides new services to citizens. As a result, it has become a source of new information for city administrations for smart open governance, based on which city development plans are proposed and strategic decisions are made. Such a smart open governance approach aims to engage with citizens through innovative approaches and deliver highly transparent and trustable public services. 3 The involvement of citizen in city planning through consultation meetings, opinions, polls, and call-for-comments on online proposals is referred as citizen engagement or participation, eg, smarticipate project. 4 This enables city administrators to get to know actual needs of the local community, co-create and transform the city infrastructure and services around citizens' needs and requirements. Berntzen and Johannessen 5 highlighted importance of citizen's role in the participat...

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Section: Evaluation and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Blockchain and edge computing–based architecture for participatory smart city applications

Khan

Abbasi

Pervez

2019

Concurrency and Computation

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“…Regarding the technology, we leveraged existing literature review on zero-knowledge proofs described in "ZkLedger, a privacy-preserving protocol section" (Narula et al 2018) and reviewed relevant articles on Pedersen commitments (Pedersen TP 1992) and sigma protocols (Maurer 2009;Wang and et al 2019;Schnorr 1991;Cramer et al 1994;Bernhard et al 2012). We received guidance from the zkLedger developing team to validate our approach for designing a novel system based on zkLedger for the securitization market.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…How it works A zero-knowledge proof is a protocol defined between a prover and a verifier, such that a prover can convince a verifier of the validity of its knowledge of a secret, without revealing anything else beyond the assertion of this knowledge. Zero-knowledge is a broad field in cryptography with many different instances defined (Wang and et al 2019). In this paper, we focus on the cryptography behind zkLedger and do not cover protocols that use other types of zero-knowledge proofs such as zk-SNARKS and bulletproofs (Wang and et al 2019) in Zcash 9 .…”

Section: Zkledger a Privacy-preserving Protocolmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Zero-knowledge is a broad field in cryptography with many different instances defined (Wang and et al 2019). In this paper, we focus on the cryptography behind zkLedger and do not cover protocols that use other types of zero-knowledge proofs such as zk-SNARKS and bulletproofs (Wang and et al 2019) in Zcash 9 . zkLedger is an instance of a zero-knowledge protocol which combines several cryptographic primitives to preserve the privacy of the ledger while still allowing to compute provably correct measurements over the data in the ledger.…”

Section: Zkledger a Privacy-preserving Protocolmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Privacy-preserving analytics for the securitization market: a zero-knowledge distributed ledger technology application

Meralli

2020

Financ Innov

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A zero-knowledge proof or protocol is a cryptographic technique for verifying private data without revealing it in its clear form. In this paper, we evaluate the potential for zero-knowledge distributed ledger technology to alleviate asymmetry of information in the asset-backed securitization market. To frame this inquiry, we conducted market data analyses, a review of prior literature, stakeholder interviews with investors, originators and security issuers and collaboration with blockchain engineers and researchers. We introduce a new system which could enable all market participants in the securitization lifecycle (e.g. investors, rating agencies, regulators and security issuers) to interact on a unique decentralized platform while maintaining the privacy of loan-level data, therefore providing the industry with timely analytics and performance data. Our platform is powered by zkLedger (Narula et al. 2018), a zero-knowledge protocol developed by the MIT Media Lab and the first system that enables participants of a distributed ledger to run publicly verifiable analytics on masked data.

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“…The popularity of cryptocurrencies is determined by many features, but the most popular ones are easy to access, high liquidity and high profitability (Wang, Shen, Li, Shao, & Yang, 2019). It is an illusion in a society that cryptocurrencies are an easy, profitable and safe investment (Fry & Cheah, 2016;Corbet, Larkin, Lucey, & Yarovaya, 2018;Hafner, 2018).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of cryptocurrencies market: current situation, tendencies of household investment and future forecasting

Pieczulis

Taujanskaitė

2019

Proceedings of 6th International Scientific Conference Contemporary Issues in Business, Management and Economics Engineering ‘2

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Purpose – the purpose of this study is to analyse the cryptocurrency market and to forecast household investments in it from a theoretical and practical point of view. Research methodology – in order to achieve the aim of the article, scientific literature and statistical data analysis, comparative analysis and SWOT analysis were done. Also, ARIMA forecasting model was adapted to forecast Household investment in cryptocurrencies. Findings – the first part of the study presents the theoretical aspects of cryptocurrencies. An overview of the cryptocurrencies and their market is provided, focusing on the concept of Bitcoins, its’ mining and technical principles of operation. The second part of this study is intended to analyse the cryptocurrencies market and its dynamics. In the last part of the research tendencies of household investments in cryptocurrencies are examined for the period of 2016–2019 according to the data from cryptocurrency exchange. Also, household investments in cryptocurrencies are analysed and major future investment trends and seasonality are identified as well. Household future investment in cryptocurrencies is also predicted. Research limitations – data used in the research only includes currency exchange information, that may be inaccurate when concluding the main trends of the market. Practical implications – the practical results of the study may be useful for households interested in investing, especially in risky investment alternatives. Results of the research justify the dynamics of the currency market and the fluctuation of cryptocurrencies’ prices that shows that investment in cryptocurrencies is very variable, unstable and risky. Originality/Value – cryptocurrencies market is particularly dynamic and fast-changing, so the newest scientific investigations are urgent. In this research, an attempt was made to forecast household investment in main cryptocurrencies

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Cryptographic primitives in blockchains

Cited by 154 publications

References 22 publications

Blockchain and edge computing–based architecture for participatory smart city applications

Blockchain and edge computing–based architecture for participatory smart city applications

Privacy-preserving analytics for the securitization market: a zero-knowledge distributed ledger technology application

Analysis of cryptocurrencies market: current situation, tendencies of household investment and future forecasting

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