Cryptographic models of nanocommunicaton network using quantum dot cellular automata: A survey

Abstract

Security of information is an important issue during the transmission of information. The device that performs the encoding and decoding process is called the encoder and decoder, respectively. The major issues to develop such devices are circuit complexity and power dissipation at the nanoscale level. This can be fixed by utilising the features of reversible logic with Quantum dot cellular automata (QCA) device as a promising archetype for an alternative to the traditional transistor-based device. QCA has high protection against side-channel attacks, especially from power analysis attacks. All those features of QCA influence the researchers to explore several QCA-based cryptographic models of nanocommunication for secure data transmission. Here, the existing QCAbased circuits for cryptographic architecture are explored and compared concerning their circuit complexity, device area, and operating speeds. The working principles of each of those existing architectures have been demonstrated in detail. Besides, the embedding of reversible logic in QCA cryptographic architecture is also explored. The architectures are compared in terms of the logic used in the design. Finally, the major key issues are identified and addressed in the context of cryptographic models for future secure data transmission processes.This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non-commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made.

Digital signature technique with quantum‐dot cellular automata

“…The Quantum-dot cellular automaton (QCA) realisation of Digital Signature Validator (DSV) is also explored in Figure 6 from Equations (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6). It consists of 97 cells and 0.13 μm 2 area.…”

“…As indicated by the worldwide innovation guide for semiconductors, the Innovation Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors (ITRS) [1], which offers a precise analysis of future advancements, Quantum-dot cellular automaton (QCA) is one of the hopeful solutions for the future [2][3][4]. It has better performance regarding compactness of the device, clock cycle, and consumption of power; QCA is a powerful alternative to Very Large Scale Integration circuits [5][6][7]. QCA technology depends on Columbic repulsions.…”

Nano‐scale design of full adder and full subtractor using reversible logic based decoder circuit in quantum‐dot cellular automata

“…Several digital logic circuits can be implemented using QCA. Besides, it can be a suitable platform for implementing reversible logic circuits 9–16 . QCADesigner 11 is the specific tool used to implement QCA circuits.…”

“…QCA gadget is tiny in size with low‐power utilization. The remarkable component of QCA‐based logic devices 13–19 is that the underlying principle depends on the dislike voltage levels used in CMOS devices 20–23 …”