Cryptococcus and Cryptococcosis in Cuba. A minireview

Illnait-Zaragozí, María Teresa; Martínez-Machín, Gerardo; Fernández-Andreu, Carlos Manuel; Perurena-Lancha, Mayda; Hagen, Ferry; Meis, Jacques F.

doi:10.1111/myc.12275

Cited by 16 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 101 publications

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“…This high mortality rate is most likely related to the unavailability of flucytosine which should be used in first‐line treatment . Our findings are in agreement with results from other countries . Unfortunately, in vitro antifungal susceptibility testing is not conducted in Iranian hospital laboratories, even though such tests are exceedingly useful for determining suitable therapeutic management.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

“…Cryptococcal meningitis the most important opportunistic fungal infections with high mortality in HIV patients despite the application of antifungal therapy in under‐developed and developing countries, The taxonomy of the Cryptococcus neoformans/Cryptococcus gattii species complex has recently been revised and contains seven proposed species, based on molecular, physiological, ecological and epidemiological differences . The majority of cryptococcal infections are caused by C. neoformans (serotype A; genotype AFLP1/VNI, AFLP1A/VNB/VNII and AFLP1B/VNII; previously C. neoformans var.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cryptococcal meningitis due to Cryptococcus neoformans genotype AFLP1/VNI in Iran: a review of the literature

Badali

Alian

Fakhim

et al. 2015

Mycoses

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Cryptococcal meningitis is the most important opportunistic fungal infection with a high mortality in HIV-patients in less developed regions. Here, we report a case of cryptococcal meningitis in a 49-year-old HIV-positive female due to Cryptococcus neoformans (serotype A, mating-type alpha, genotype AFLP1/VNI) in Sari, Iran. In vitro antifungal susceptibility tests showed MICs of isavuconazole (0.016 μg ml(-1) ), voriconazole (0.031 μg ml(-1) ), posaconazole (0.031 μg ml(-1) ), itraconazole (0.063 μg ml(-1) ), amphotericin B (0.125 μg ml(-1) ) and fluconazole (8 μg ml(-1) ). Despite immediate antifungal therapy, the patient died 4 days later due to respiratory failure. Cryptococcal infections have been infrequently reported from Iran and therefore we analysed all published cases of cryptococcosis in Iran since the first reported case from 1969.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cryptococcal meningitis due to Cryptococcus neoformans genotype AFLP1/VNI in Iran: a review of the literature

Badali

Alian

Fakhim

et al. 2015

Mycoses

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“…Historically, as in most parts of the world, the main risk factor associated with cryptococcosis in Colombian patients is HIV seropositivity. The fact that over the 20-year period of analysis, 76.2% of our patients with cryptococcosis were also affected by AIDS resembles the situation reported not only in sub-Saharan Africa, where the major burden of meningocryptococcosis cases occur in the HIV population but also in regions of North America [ 27 ] and South America [ 7 , 28 , 29 , 30 ], among others. This finding is contrary to that reported in Australia and New Zealand by the Australasian Cryptococcal Study Group, where the incidence of AIDS-associated cases declined every year because cryptococcosis is an important disease in the aboriginal immunocompetent population [ 31 ].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 77%

Cryptococcosis in Colombia: Compilation and Analysis of Data from Laboratory-Based Surveillance

Escandón

Lizarazo

Agudelo

et al. 2018

JoF

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The passive and voluntary surveillance of cryptococcosis in Colombia since 1997 has seen an increasing participating rate, revealing its importance to both in immunosuppressed and immunocompetent people. The present work details the national data gathered in 1997–2016, through a retrospective analysis of the information collected in the survey. From a total of 1974 cases reported, an overall incidence of 0.23 cases per 100,000 people was found. This incidence rose to 1.1 cases per 1000 people in the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) population. Cryptococcosis was most common in male young adults (26–40 years), with a male:female ratio of 3.9:1 in the general population and 5.4:1 in Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) patients. Culture was the most common form of diagnosis in 96.3% of cases, recovering C. neoformans species in 87.5% and C. gattii in 3.1% of samples. VNI was the most prevalent (96.1%) molecular type, while VGII predominated in C. gattii isolates (54.3%). Early mortality was reported as the outcome in 47.5% of patients. Cryptococcosis remains an important opportunistic disease in Colombia and is gaining status as a primary pathogen in apparently immunocompetent patients. Our findings show the importance of including cryptococcosis as a notifiable disease, which will allow for improving opportune diagnosis and treatment, resulting in better patient outcomes.

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“…The micro-organism, C.neoformans enter the respiratory tracts, gastrointestinal system, and damaged skin and mucosa of the human body, which leads to opportunistic infection in the CNS, lung, skin, bone, blood and other organs [9]. The incidence and mortality of patients with cryptococcaemia are increasing; however, limited data are available about the clinical significance of cryptococcaemia.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical features of cryptococcaemia: 65 critical cases

Chen

Zhou

Zhong

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Background: Cryptococcemia is associated with poor prognosis among patients with cryptococcal diseases; however, limited data are available on the clinical features of cryptocoaemia.Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted to describe the clinical features of cryptococcaemia. Demographic and clinical data of patients with positive blood culture of cryptococcus were obtained from the Xiangya hospital (2010)(2011)(2012)(2013)(2014)(2015)(2016)(2017)(2018)(2019). Demographic and clinical information was obtained from medical records.Results: Sixty-five patients were diagnosed and treated for cryptococcaemia out of which 53 (82%, 53/65) immunosuppressed patients were afflicted with HIV (12%, 8/65), tuberculosis (8%, 5/26), liver cirrhosis (6%, 3/65), chronic renal failure (6%, 3/65), nephrotic syndrome (13%, 7/65), systemic lupus erythematosus (8%, 5/65, chronic glomerulonephritis (11%, 6/65), malignant diseases (19%, 10/65), and Diabetes (11%, 6/65). Most patients (85%, 55/65), presented with fever. Other symptoms such as cough, headache, enlarged lymph nodes, liver or spleen, and septic shock were also reported.Typically, the sites of infection included the central nervous system, lung, skin, bone, abdomen, endometrium, lymph node, and blood. Although an early systemic antifungal therapy was given to sixty-one patients within 48h of hospitalization, the 60-day mortality was higher in immunosuppressed group (53%) than the immunocompetent group (8%).Conclusions: Our study indicated that fever, sepsis, and meningeal involvement were the most common clinical features of cryptococcaemia. Receiving treatment with immunosuppressive drugs, malignant diseases and HIV infection were the three major predisposing conditions. The immunosuppressed patients with cryptococcaemia presented a higher risk of mortality with poor prognosis.

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Cryptococcus and Cryptococcosis in Cuba. A minireview

Cited by 16 publications

References 101 publications

Cryptococcal meningitis due to Cryptococcus neoformans genotype AFLP1/VNI in Iran: a review of the literature

Cryptococcal meningitis due to Cryptococcus neoformans genotype AFLP1/VNI in Iran: a review of the literature

Cryptococcosis in Colombia: Compilation and Analysis of Data from Laboratory-Based Surveillance

Clinical features of cryptococcaemia: 65 critical cases

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