Cryptococcosis Today: It Is Not All About HIV Infection

O’Halloran, Jane A.; Powderly, William G.; Spec, Andrej

doi:10.1007/s40588-017-0064-8

Cited by 43 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 74 publications

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“…This finding is contrary to that reported in Australia and New Zealand by the Australasian Cryptococcal Study Group, where the incidence of AIDS-associated cases declined every year because cryptococcosis is an important disease in the aboriginal immunocompetent population [ 31 ]. As mentioned by O’Halloran et al, the group of HIV-negative patients diagnosed with cryptococcal disease is very heterogeneous, with different degrees of immunosuppression; in Colombia, we see patients with risk factors in much lower proportions than those in HIV patients who were under corticosteroids therapy, transplanted patients or patients with diabetes, among others, and a substantial percentage (12.6%) of individuals with an apparently normal immune system [ 32 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cryptococcosis in Colombia: Compilation and Analysis of Data from Laboratory-Based Surveillance

Escandón

Lizarazo

Agudelo

et al. 2018

JoF

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The passive and voluntary surveillance of cryptococcosis in Colombia since 1997 has seen an increasing participating rate, revealing its importance to both in immunosuppressed and immunocompetent people. The present work details the national data gathered in 1997–2016, through a retrospective analysis of the information collected in the survey. From a total of 1974 cases reported, an overall incidence of 0.23 cases per 100,000 people was found. This incidence rose to 1.1 cases per 1000 people in the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) population. Cryptococcosis was most common in male young adults (26–40 years), with a male:female ratio of 3.9:1 in the general population and 5.4:1 in Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) patients. Culture was the most common form of diagnosis in 96.3% of cases, recovering C. neoformans species in 87.5% and C. gattii in 3.1% of samples. VNI was the most prevalent (96.1%) molecular type, while VGII predominated in C. gattii isolates (54.3%). Early mortality was reported as the outcome in 47.5% of patients. Cryptococcosis remains an important opportunistic disease in Colombia and is gaining status as a primary pathogen in apparently immunocompetent patients. Our findings show the importance of including cryptococcosis as a notifiable disease, which will allow for improving opportune diagnosis and treatment, resulting in better patient outcomes.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cryptococcosis in Colombia: Compilation and Analysis of Data from Laboratory-Based Surveillance

Escandón

Lizarazo

Agudelo

et al. 2018

JoF

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“…However, there exists in the literature some evidence to suggest that cutaneous cryptococcal infection can lead to disseminated infection among the immunocompromised 5. Cryptococcal infections are usually seen in HIV-positive patients but are also seen in HIV-negative patients,6 with case reports of infections occurring in solid organ transplant patients,7 patients with underlying conditions such as nephrotic syndrome8 and myelodysplastic syndrome,9 and in those on long-term steroids affecting cell-mediated immunity 10. Diagnosis is usually made on histopathological inspection or by culture, and in this instance skin biopsy was crucial in reaching a timely diagnosis.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Disseminated cryptococcal infection initially presenting as cryptococcal cellulitis in an HIV-negative patient on long-term steroids

Kerr¹,

Stack

Sadlier

et al. 2018

BMJ Case Rep

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Cryptococcosis is an invasive fungal infection caused by encapsulated yeasts of the Cryptococcus species. Inoculation usually occurs by inhalation through the respiratory tract, where it can then spread haematogenously to various sites, such as the central nervous system or the skin, in susceptible patients. We present the case of a 68-year-old male patient on long-term steroids who presented with a right upper limb cellulitis not responding to antibiotics. This was subsequently diagnosed as cryptococcal cellulitis on an urgent skin biopsy. Wound swabs and blood cultures, which were initially negative, were repeated and confirmed the presence of disseminated cryptococcal disease. The patient’s neighbours kept racing pigeons and this was hypothesised as a potential source of infection.

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“…In 2013 a national trend showing an increased in-hospital mortality among non-HIV CM was reported [ 9 ]. In the non-HIV population, some underlying conditions that may act as risk factors for death include advancing age, solid organ transplant recipient, liver disease, renal failure, diabetes, impaired cell-mediated immunity, and others (reviewed by [ 10 ]). Significantly higher mortality rates were observed in these HIV-negative patients when compared with their HIV-positive counterpart, e.g., individuals with end-stage liver disease, reported a mortality as high as 80% [ 11 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cryptococcal Traits Mediating Adherence to Biotic and Abiotic Surfaces

Camacho

Casadevall

2018

JoF

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Several species in the genus Cryptococcus are facultative intracellular pathogens capable of causing disease associated with high mortality and morbidity in humans. These fungi interact with other organisms in the soil, and these interactions may contribute to the development of adaptation mechanisms that function in virulence by promoting fungal survival in animal hosts. Fungal adhesion molecules, also known as adhesins, have been classically considered as cell-surface or secreted proteins that play critical roles in microbial pathogenesis or in biofilm formation as structural components. Pathogenic Cryptococcus spp. differ from other pathogenic yeasts in having a polysaccharide capsule that covers the cell wall surface and precludes interactions of those structures with host cell receptors. Hence, pathogenic Cryptococcus spp. use unconventional tools for surface attachment. In this essay, we review the unique traits and mechanisms favoring adhesion of Cryptococcus spp. to biotic and abiotic surfaces. Knowledge of the traits that mediate adherence could be exploited in the development of therapeutic, biomedical, and/or industrial products.

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Cryptococcosis Today: It Is Not All About HIV Infection

Cited by 43 publications

References 74 publications

Cryptococcosis in Colombia: Compilation and Analysis of Data from Laboratory-Based Surveillance

Cryptococcosis in Colombia: Compilation and Analysis of Data from Laboratory-Based Surveillance

Disseminated cryptococcal infection initially presenting as cryptococcal cellulitis in an HIV-negative patient on long-term steroids

Cryptococcal Traits Mediating Adherence to Biotic and Abiotic Surfaces

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