“…Corticosteroids have been shown to reduce the need for hospitalization and to improve short-term quality of life and functional status without increased risk of complications in paradoxical tuberculosis (TB)-associated IRIS [122]; the role of corticosteroids in cryptococcal IRIS, however, is not as well established and should be reserved for life-threatening cases, particularly in light of their association with increased mortality in one study [123]. Other antiinflammatory agents have been used in cryptococcal IRIS, but the number of patients treated with any of these agents is too small to draw substantive conclusions [86,124,125]. Other management strategies, including therapeutic lumbar drainage in the setting of intracranial hypertension [62,122,126] and, at times, surgical drainage of suppurative lymph nodes [116,117], are important adjunctive therapies that may be considered in severe disease.…”