“…Nevertheless, the species has been reported to use hydrographic networks to disperse overland between ponds (Chaput-Bardy, Alcala, Secondi, & Vuilleumier, 2017;Fouquet & Measey, 2006;Measey, 2016), at the juvenile and adult stages (Courant, 2017;De Villiers & Measey, 2017;Measey, 2016). Similarly to what has been observed in other invasive species characterised by high elusiveness (Jarić et al, 2019), an established alien population of X. laevis can remain undetected for years before any control action is undertaken (Measey et al, 2012;Sousa, Maurício, & Rebelo, 2018;Wang, Hong, & Measey, 2019). The elusive nature of X. laevis probably explains why the influence of landscape features on dispersal and establishment success of this amphibian has never been investigated before the development of eDNA techniques.…”