Cryptic genetic variation: evolution's hidden substrate

Paaby, Annalise B.; Rockman, Matthew V.

doi:10.1038/nrg3688

Cited by 471 publications

(485 citation statements)

References 113 publications

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“…However, in this case, the mechanism is likely distinct from the classical descriptions of CGV. Whereas CGV tends to refer to rarely expressed variation elicited by infrequent, extreme events [55], in this case exposure of mussels to mundane, day-to-day micro-scale environmental variation at the protected site and in the outplant-high site appears to amplify the magnitude of physiological variation. Although the magnitude and direction of shifts in mean antioxidant status (i.e.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Micro-scale environmental variation amplifies physiological variation among individual mussels

et al. 2015

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The contributions of temporal and spatial environmental variation to physiological variation remain poorly resolved. Rocky intertidal zone populations are subjected to thermal variation over the tidal cycle, superimposed with micro-scale variation in individuals' body temperatures. Using the sea mussel (Mytilus californianus), we assessed the consequences of this microscale environmental variation for physiological variation among individuals, first by examining the latter in field-acclimatized animals, second by abolishing micro-scale environmental variation via common garden acclimation, and third by restoring this variation using a reciprocal outplant approach. Common garden acclimation reduced the magnitude of variation in tissuelevel antioxidant capacities by approximately 30% among mussels from a wave-protected (warm) site, but it had no effect on antioxidant variation among mussels from a wave-exposed (cool) site. The field-acclimatized level of antioxidant variation was restored only when protected-site mussels were outplanted to a high, thermally stressful site. Variation in organismal oxygen consumption rates reflected antioxidant patterns, decreasing dramatically among protected-site mussels after common gardening. These results suggest a highly plastic relationship between individuals' genotypes and their physiological phenotypes that depends on recent environmental experience. Corresponding context-dependent changes in the physiological meanvariance relationships within populations complicate prediction of responses to shifts in environmental variability that are anticipated with global change.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Micro-scale environmental variation amplifies physiological variation among individual mussels

et al. 2015

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“…in G matrices, but is primarily expected to generate proportional differences in total ad-ditive genetic variation and not in the relative magnitude of variances and covariances of 574 individual traits Roff (2000); Puentes et al (2016), but see Steppan et al (2002) Paaby and Rockman, 2014). Differences between G matrices estimated in 581 one population across environments are often similar in magnitude to the differences in es-582 timated G matrices between two populations separated by a long evolutionary time (Wood 583 and Brodie III, 2015).…”

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confidence: 72%

Adaptive phenotypic divergence in an annual grass differs across biotic contexts

O'Brien

Sawers

Strauss

et al. 2018

Preprint

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23Climate is a powerful force shaping adaptation within species, often creating dra-24 matic phenotypic clines. Yet adaptation to climate does not occur in a vacuum: species 25 interactions filter the fitness consequences of both climatic and phenotypic variation. 26In other words, the translation of genotype to phenotype may be altered by biotic con-27 text, influencing the variation upon which climatic selection can act. We investigate 28 the role of such interactions in changing the phenotypes on which selection acts using

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“…76 Under certain stress conditions, suppression of altered protein folding is relaxed presumably to release cryptic variation and increase the capacity to respond to ongoing challenges. 77,78 While we know of no examples where mapping studies have implicated chaperones as modifier genes (i.e., where genetic background effects on phenotypes are attributable to genetic variation within chaperone genes), it is clear they are capable of modifying the impact of genetic variation. The term ''global modifier'' has been proposed to describe genes that regulate the functional manifestation of genetic variation at several loci via general mechanisms, including chaperones, chromatin modifiers, and transcriptional regulators.…”

Section: Mutational Bufferingmentioning

confidence: 99%

From Peas to Disease: Modifier Genes, Network Resilience, and the Genetics of Health

Riordan

Nadeau

2017

The American Journal of Human Genetics

119

107

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Phenotypes are rarely consistent across genetic backgrounds and environments, but instead vary in many ways depending on allelic variants, unlinked genes, epigenetic factors, and environmental exposures. In the extreme, individuals carrying the same causal DNA sequence variant but on different backgrounds can be classified as having distinct conditions. Similarly, some individuals that carry disease alleles are nevertheless healthy despite affected family members in the same environment. These genetic background effects often result from the action of so-called ''modifier genes'' that modulate the phenotypic manifestation of target genes in an epistatic manner. While complicating the prospects for gene discovery and the feasibility of mechanistic studies, such effects are opportunities to gain a deeper understanding of gene interaction networks that provide organismal form and function as well as resilience to perturbation. Here, we review the principles of modifier genetics and assess progress in studies of modifier genes and their targets in both simple and complex traits. We propose that modifier effects emerge from gene interaction networks whose structure and function vary with genetic background and argue that these effects can be exploited as safe and effective ways to prevent, stabilize, and reverse disease and dysfunction.

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Cryptic genetic variation: evolution's hidden substrate

Cited by 471 publications

References 113 publications

Micro-scale environmental variation amplifies physiological variation among individual mussels

Micro-scale environmental variation amplifies physiological variation among individual mussels

Adaptive phenotypic divergence in an annual grass differs across biotic contexts

From Peas to Disease: Modifier Genes, Network Resilience, and the Genetics of Health

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