Cryotherapy in sports medicine

Swenson, Carolyn W.; Swärd, Leif; Karlsson, Jón

doi:10.1111/j.1600-0838.1996.tb00090.x

Cited by 306 publications

(227 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…Once the spindle discharge has decreased, the interference from this stimulus, in relation to muscle tension, consequently reduces. This finding corroborates previous studies that demonstrated that muscle relaxation may be obtained through applying cryotherapy and suggested that the decrease in tension was the result from a reduced frequency of discharges from the muscle spindles 9,16 .…”

Section: Acute Effectssupporting

confidence: 82%

“…A variety of studies have proven the capacity of applications of ice with this aim: this causes a reduction in the nerve conduction speed and consequently gives rise to less feeling of pain and lower spindle activity [9][10][11] . However, the study by Knight 10 indicated that, in addition to these effects, cooling caused an increase in tissue stiffness and consequently reduced the tissue viscoelasticity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Influência do resfriamento e do aquecimento local na flexibilidade dos músculos isquiotibiais

Js¹,

Faria²,

Queiroz³

2007

Rev. bras. fisioter.

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Objective: The aim of this study was to analyze the acute and chronic effects of cooling and warming on hamstring muscle flexibility. Method: Forty volunteers were randomly included in one of four groups (n=10): 1) control group; 2) stretching group, using a sustain-and-relax technique on the hamstring muscles, for two consecutive weeks; 3) stretching group preceded by applying cryotherapy (25 minutes) to the posterior thigh region; 4) stretching group preceded by warming using shortwave diathermy (25 minutes). Muscle flexibility was assessed using a board coupled to a goniometric system specially prepared for evaluating the extensor angle of the knee. Results: The three experimental groups significantly increased their range of motion in relation to the control group. The mean daily gains (considered to be acute effects) showed significant differences in favor of the group subjected to cooling, in comparison with the other two (increases of 2.6 ± 0.9°, 4.3 ± 1.5° and 2.4 ± 0.7° for groups 2, 3 and 4, respectively, p= 0.008). With regard to chronic effects, there were no significant differences between the three experimental groups, but they all differed from the control group (increases of 1.5 ± 0.5°, 11.1 ± 6.1°, 14.4 ± 5.4° and 14.4 ± 6.2°, for groups 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively). Conclusion: Stretching sessions applied daily significantly increased hamstring muscle flexibility. The acute effects were greatest in the group subjected to cooling, in comparison with the groups with stretching alone and stretching plus warming. The chronic effects were not influenced by warming or by cooling.

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Section: Acute Effectssupporting

confidence: 82%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influência do resfriamento e do aquecimento local na flexibilidade dos músculos isquiotibiais

Js¹,

Faria²,

Queiroz³

2007

Rev. bras. fisioter.

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“…In addition to the increase in H-reflex amplitude, we observed an increase in the H-reflex latency, caused by nerve conduction velocity reduction due to cooling 16,37,38 . Similar results were found by Dewhurst et al 39 , who assessed the H-reflex after cooling in a sample of 10 young and 10 elderly women.…”

Section: Cryotherapymentioning

confidence: 83%

“…Cryotherapy is considered a therapeutic resource of temporarily reducing spasticity symptoms. It consists of lowering the stretch sensitivity of neuromuscular spindles by reducing intrafusial fiber activity in the gamma system (decreasing nerve conduction velocity) 8,16 . The TENS mechanisms of action are based on the hypothesis that it provokes an additional sensory input in the central nervous system (CNS), causing presynaptic inhibition of the suprasegmental pathways 17 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immediate effects of TENS and cryotherapy in the reflex excitability and voluntary activity in hemiparetic subjects: a randomized crossover trial

Martins¹,

Carvalho²,

Silva³

et al. 2012

Rev. bras. fisioter.

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“…Heat and cold therapy are well recognised modalities in the treatment of acute musculoskeletal injuries (Swenson et al, 1996) and have been recently utilised as recovery strategies among athletes to improve sport/training performances (Ihsan et al, 2013a;Wilcock et al, 2006). Moreover, there is emerging evidence highlighting the potential of these modalities to enhance mitochondrial adaptations either independently or in response to training.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

PGC-1α Mediated Muscle Aerobic Adaptations to Exercise, Heat and Cold Exposure

Ihsan¹,

Watson²,

Abbiss³

2014

Cell Mol Exerc Physiol

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PGC-1α is regarded as a key regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis due to its central role in regulating the activity of key transcription factors associated with encoding mitochondrial components. Additionally, PGC-1α has shown to mediate adaptations that increase fat metabolism and angiogenesis, contributing to the overall oxidative phenotype of the muscle. While it is well established that exercise is a potent stimulator of PGC-1α, recent evidence indicates that heat and cold exposures may also influence mitochondrial biogenesis through the up-regulation of PGC-1α. This highlights the potential use of these modalities in conjunction with exercise to enhance training adaptations. As such, the purpose of this review is to describe the possible mechanisms and pathways by which exercise, as well as hot and cold exposures may influence mitochondrial biogenesis. It is clear that changes in intracellular calcium, oxidative stress and phosphorylation potential are major up-regulators of PGC-1α during exercise. Moreover, there is evidence implicating calcium signalling, in addition to β-adrenergic activation in cold-induced mitochondrial biogenesis, while PGC-1α during heat exposure is likely triggered by changes in phosphorylation potential and nitric oxide signalling. However, these mechanisms appear to change considerably when cold/heat is administered following exercise, and seem to be dependent on the experimental models used (i.e. in vitro vs. in vivo, rodent vs. human). Understanding the effects heat/cold exposure and its interaction with exercise may lead to the optimisation and development of temperature-related interventions to enhance training adaptations, or aid in the treatment of mitochondrial related diseases.

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Cryotherapy in sports medicine

Cited by 306 publications

References 49 publications

Influência do resfriamento e do aquecimento local na flexibilidade dos músculos isquiotibiais

Influência do resfriamento e do aquecimento local na flexibilidade dos músculos isquiotibiais

Immediate effects of TENS and cryotherapy in the reflex excitability and voluntary activity in hemiparetic subjects: a randomized crossover trial

PGC-1α Mediated Muscle Aerobic Adaptations to Exercise, Heat and Cold Exposure

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