Cryogenics free production of hyperpolarized 129Xe and 83Kr for biomedical MRI applications

Hughes‐Riley, Theodore; Six, Joseph S.; Lilburn, David M.L.; Stupic, Karl F.; Dorkes, Alan C.; Shaw, Dominick; Pavlovskaya, Galina E.; Meersmann, Thomas

doi:10.1016/j.jmr.2013.09.008

Cited by 26 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…Because of the low total gas pressure after catalytic buffer gas removal, the hp gases will require recompression to ambient pressure for biomedical application. Recompression has previously been demonstrated with little polarization loss for hp 129 Xe (10,40) and acceptable 1/4 polarization loss for hp 83 Kr (40). Based on the result in this work, this would suggest that purified hp 83 Kr with 21% spin polarization is now feasible, a sevenfold improvement over recent hp 83 Kr work with 3% apparent polarization that already allowed for MRI with 0.795 × 0.635-mm 2 resolution in ex vivo lungs (24).…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 53%

“…Whereas cryogenic separation may complicate and limit some hp 129 Xe applications, it is not an option at all for the hp 83 Kr production due to the fast quadrupolar relaxation. To avoid cryogenic separation, SEOP at a high noble gas mole fraction has been explored in the past (6,10,14,(39)(40)(41). Nevertheless, gas dilution is still required to ensure high spin polarization at the high production volumes required for MRI and the dilution therefore reduces MRI signal intensity per unit volume of inhaled gas.…”

Section: Significancementioning

confidence: 99%

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Molecular hydrogen and catalytic combustion in the production of hyperpolarized ⁸³ Kr and ¹²⁹ Xe MRI contrast agents

Rogers

Hill-Casey

Stupic

et al. 2016

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Hyperpolarized (hp) 83 Kr is a promising MRI contrast agent for the diagnosis of pulmonary diseases affecting the surface of the respiratory zone. However, the distinct physical properties of 83 Kr that enable unique MRI contrast also complicate the production of hp 83 Kr. This work presents a previously unexplored approach in the generation of hp 83 Kr that can likewise be used for the production of hp 129 Xe. Molecular nitrogen, typically used as buffer gas in spin-exchange optical pumping (SEOP), was replaced by molecular hydrogen without penalty for the achievable hyperpolarization. In this particular study, the highest obtained nuclear spin polarizations were P = 29% for 83 Kr and P = 63% for 129 Xe. The results were reproduced over many SEOP cycles despite the laser-induced on-resonance formation of rubidium hydride (RbH). Following SEOP, the H 2 was reactively removed via catalytic combustion without measurable losses in hyperpolarized spin state of either Xe can be obtained through dynamic nuclear polarization (25) with high spin-polarization levels of up to P = 30% (26) He-N 2 mixture or pure N 2 gas. The buffer gas serves a dual purpose as it prevents destructive radiation trapping, originating from radiative electronic relaxation of rubidium (27, 28), but also causes pressure broadening of the Rb D 1 linewidth. Rubidium line broadening maximizes adsorption of laser light emitted by high-power solid devices, even if those are line narrowed. Following SEOP, hp 129

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 53%

Section: Significancementioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular hydrogen and catalytic combustion in the production of hyperpolarized ⁸³ Kr and ¹²⁹ Xe MRI contrast agents

Rogers

Hill-Casey

Stupic

et al. 2016

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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“…However, both of these issues can be mitigated by (i) using Xe-rich mixtures demonstrated here; (ii) the addition of a large automated gas piston or balloon (32,51), where the cell contents can be expanded into a much larger volume prior to transfer to the sample or transport vessel; and (iii) selecting the ‘topping-off’ procedure implemented in XeNA, which also slightly increases the device duty cycle. Indeed, when preparing multiple bags of HP 129 Xe, this has become the standard mode of operation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We briefly note here other 129 Xe polarizers in the literature (e.g., Refs. (31-39,43,49-51)—as well as those from commercial sources (52-54)); those considering assembly or purchase of a polarizer are encouraged to review the designs and capabilities of many devices in light of their own applications, needs, and resources.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

XeNA: An automated ‘open-source’ 129Xe hyperpolarizer for clinical use

Nikolaou

Coffey

Walkup

et al. 2014

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

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Here we provide a full report on the construction, components, and capabilities of our consortium's "open-source" large-scale (~1 L/hr) 129 Xe hyperpolarizer for clinical, pre-clinical, and materials NMR/MRI (Nikolaou et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 110, 14150 (2013)). The 'hyperpolarizer' is automated and built mostly of off-the-shelf components; moreover, it is designed to be cost-effective and installed in both research laboratories and clinical settings with Publisher's Disclaimer: This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final citable form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. NIH Public Access NIH-PA Author ManuscriptNIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author Manuscript materials costing less than $125,000. The device runs in the xenon-rich regime (up to 1800 Torr Xe in 0.5 L) in either stopped-flow or single-batch mode-making cryo-collection of the hyperpolarized gas unnecessary for many applications. In-cell 129 Xe nuclear spin polarization values of ~30-90% have been measured for Xe loadings of ~300-1600 Torr. Typical 129 Xe polarization build-up and T 1 relaxation time constants were ~8.5 min and ~1.9 hr respectively under our SEOP conditions; such ratios, combined with near-unity Rb electron spin polarizations enabled by the high resonant laser power (up to ~200 W), permits such high P Xe values to be achieved despite the high in-cell Xe densities. Importantly, most of the polarization is maintained during efficient HP gas transfer to other containers, and ultra-long 129 Xe relaxation times (up to nearly 6 hr) were observed in Tedlar bags following transport to a clinical 3 T scanner for MR spectroscopy and imaging as a prelude to in vivo experiments. The device has received FDA IND approval for a clinical study of COPD subjects. The primary focus of this paper is on the technical / engineering development of the polarizer, with the explicit goals of facilitating the adaptation of design features and operative modes into other laboratories, and of spurring the further advancement of HP-gas MR applications in biomedicine.

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“…While the instrumentation for the SEOP process is similar in nature, 17–29 actual components such as the OP-cell design and choices for the laser, optics, etc., and their interfacing requirements vary substantially, thus leading to custom designs that are difficult and/or too costly to reproduce.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A 3D-Printed High Power Nuclear Spin Polarizer

et al. 2014

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Three-dimensional printing with high-temperature plastic is used to enable spin exchange optical pumping (SEOP) and hyperpolarization of xenon-129 gas. The use of 3D printed structures increases the simplicity of integration of the following key components with a variable temperature SEOP probe: (i) in situ NMR circuit operating at 84 kHz (Larmor frequencies of 129Xe and 1H nuclear spins), (ii) <0.3 nm narrowed 200 W laser source, (iii) in situ high-resolution near-IR spectroscopy, (iv) thermoelectric temperature control, (v) retroreflection optics, and (vi) optomechanical alignment system. The rapid prototyping endowed by 3D printing dramatically reduces production time and expenses while allowing reproducibility and integration of “off-the-shelf” components and enables the concept of printing on demand. The utility of this SEOP setup is demonstrated here to obtain near-unity 129Xe polarization values in a 0.5 L optical pumping cell, including ~74 ± 7% at 1000 Torr xenon partial pressure, a record value at such high Xe density. Values for the 129Xe polarization exponential build-up rate [(3.63 ± 0.15) × 10−2 min−1] and in-cell 129Xe spin−lattice relaxation time (T1 = 2.19 ± 0.06 h) for 1000 Torr Xe were in excellent agreement with the ratio of the gas-phase polarizations for 129Xe and Rb (PRb ~ 96%). Hyperpolarization-enhanced 129Xe gas imaging was demonstrated with a spherical phantom following automated gas transfer from the polarizer. Taken together, these results support the development of a wide range of chemical, biochemical, material science, and biomedical applications.

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Cryogenics free production of hyperpolarized 129Xe and 83Kr for biomedical MRI applications

Cited by 26 publications

References 37 publications

Molecular hydrogen and catalytic combustion in the production of hyperpolarized ⁸³ Kr and ¹²⁹ Xe MRI contrast agents

Molecular hydrogen and catalytic combustion in the production of hyperpolarized ⁸³ Kr and ¹²⁹ Xe MRI contrast agents

XeNA: An automated ‘open-source’ 129Xe hyperpolarizer for clinical use

A 3D-Printed High Power Nuclear Spin Polarizer

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Cryogenics free production of hyperpolarized 129Xe and 83Kr for biomedical MRI applications

Cited by 26 publications

References 37 publications

Molecular hydrogen and catalytic combustion in the production of hyperpolarized 83 Kr and 129 Xe MRI contrast agents

Molecular hydrogen and catalytic combustion in the production of hyperpolarized 83 Kr and 129 Xe MRI contrast agents

XeNA: An automated ‘open-source’ 129Xe hyperpolarizer for clinical use

A 3D-Printed High Power Nuclear Spin Polarizer

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

Molecular hydrogen and catalytic combustion in the production of hyperpolarized ⁸³ Kr and ¹²⁹ Xe MRI contrast agents

Molecular hydrogen and catalytic combustion in the production of hyperpolarized ⁸³ Kr and ¹²⁹ Xe MRI contrast agents