Cryogenic Refrigerators-an Updated Survey

Strobridge, T. R.; 正誼, 柳井

doi:10.2221/jcsj.10.185

Cited by 35 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 1 publication

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“…Table X gives a summary of all heat load sources occurring in the CLIC damping wigglers at the different temperature levels. The efficiency of large cryogenic plants can be calculated according to the Carnot efficiency [38] and with efficiency data of large-scale cryogenic plants taken from [39]. These data are in good agreement with more recent CERN experience (for example, [40]):…”

Section: Cooling Concept and Related Heat Loadssupporting

confidence: 64%

Design and system integration of the superconducting wiggler magnets for the Compact Linear Collider damping rings

Schoerling

Antoniou

Bernhard

et al. 2012

Phys. Rev. ST Accel. Beams

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Section: Cooling Concept and Related Heat Loadssupporting

confidence: 64%

Design and system integration of the superconducting wiggler magnets for the Compact Linear Collider damping rings

Schoerling

Antoniou

Bernhard

et al. 2012

Phys. Rev. ST Accel. Beams

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“…Since the now classical studies by Strobridge 11,12 , the capital cost of helium refrigerators has been surveyed and tentatively correlated with a single performance estimator, originally the installed compressor power, and more recently the refrigeration capacity produced at 4.5 K 13,14 . This approach has the merit of extreme simplicity, but -as a consequence -requires careful application for large, complex refrigerators such as those of CERN, which for reason of site layout and underground implantation, often feature several cold boxes with interconnecting lines, and in most cases, provide cooling dutiesisothermal and non-isothermal -at a variety of temperature levels 15 .…”

Section: Technical Scopementioning

confidence: 99%

Economics of Large Helium Cryogenic Systems: Experience from Recent Projects at CERN

Claudet

Gayet

Lebrun

et al. 2000

Advances in Cryogenic Engineering

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Large projects based on applied superconductivity, such as particle accelerators, tokamaks or SMES, require powerful and complex helium cryogenic systems, the cost of which represents a significant, if not dominant fraction of the total capital and operational expenditure. It is therefore important to establish guidelines and scaling laws for costing such systems, based on synthetic estimators of their size and performance. Although such data has already been published for many years, the experience recently gathered at CERN with the LEP and LHC projects, which have de facto turned the laboratory into a major world cryogenic center, can be exploited to update this information and broaden the range of application of the scaling laws. We report on the economics of 4.5 K and 1.8 K refrigeration, cryogen distribution and storage systems, and indicate paths towards their cost-to-performance optimisation. ABSTRACTLarge projects based on applied superconductivity, such as particle accelerators, tokamaks or SMES, require powerful and complex helium cryogenic systems, the cost of which represents a significant, if not dominant fraction of the total capital and operational expenditure. It is therefore important to establish guidelines and scaling laws for costing such systems, based on synthetic estimators of their size and performance. Although such data has already been published for many years, the experience recently gathered at CERN with the LEP and LHC projects, which have de facto turned the laboratory into a major world cryogenic center, can be exploited to update this information and broaden the range of application of the scaling laws. We report on the economics of 4.5 K and 1.8 K refrigeration, cryogen distribution and storage systems, and indicate paths towards their cost-to-performance optimisation.

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“…A survey by Strobridge [10] in 1974 is often used as a comparison for any newly developed cryocooler. The extensive survey of 235 cryocoolers by ter Brake and Wiegerinck [11] in 2002 provides a valuable update of the Strobridge survey.…”

Section: Surveys Of Existing Cryocoolersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We note that maximum FIGURE 5. Cryocooler efficiencies from Strobridge [10] and ter Brake [11] with the upper solid line from Kittel [13] showing the maximum values. Capacity is the same as net refrigeration power.…”

Section: Surveys Of Existing Cryocoolersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cryocoolers for aircraft superconducting generators and motors

Radebaugh

2012

AIP Conference Proceedings

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The proposal by NASA to use high-temperature superconducting (HTS) generators and motors on future (∼2035) aircraft for turboelectric propulsion imposes difficult requirements for cryocoolers. Net refrigeration powers of about 5 kW to 10 kW at 50 K to 65 K are needed for this application. A 2010 survey by Ladner of published work between 1999 and 2009 on existing Stirling and Stirling-type pulse tube cryocoolers showed efficiencies in the range of 10 to 20 % of Carnot at 50 K, much less than the 30 % of Carnot needed to make the concept feasible. A cryocooler specific mass less than about 3 kg/kW of input power is required to keep the cryocooler mass somewhat less than the mass of the superconducting machinery. Current cryocoolers have specific masses about 3 to 10 times this desired value, even for those designed for airborne or space use. We discuss loss and mass sources and make suggestions where improvements can be made. For Stirling and Stirling-type pulse tube cryocoolers, most of the mass is concentrated in the compressor. We show that higher frequency and pressure can have a major influence on reducing the compressor mass. Frequencies up to about 120 Hz and average pressures up to about 5 MPa may significantly reduce the overall cryocooler size and mass while maintaining high efficiency. Other suggestions for reducing the mass are also given.

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Cryogenic Refrigerators-an Updated Survey

Cited by 35 publications

References 1 publication

Design and system integration of the superconducting wiggler magnets for the Compact Linear Collider damping rings

Design and system integration of the superconducting wiggler magnets for the Compact Linear Collider damping rings

Economics of Large Helium Cryogenic Systems: Experience from Recent Projects at CERN

Cryocoolers for aircraft superconducting generators and motors

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