Cryogenic microwave-to-optical conversion using a triply resonant lithium-niobate-on-sapphire transducer

McKenna, Timothy P.; Witmer, Jeremy D.; Patel, Rishi N.; Jiang, Wentao; Laer, Raphaël Van; Arrangoiz-Arriola, Patricio; Wollack, E. Alex; Herrmann, Jonathan; Safavi-Naeini, Amir H.

doi:10.1364/optica.397235

Cited by 86 publications

(54 citation statements)

References 78 publications

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“…A maximum on-chip conversion efficiency of 1.02% (internal efficiency of 15.2%) is recorded with a peak pump power adjusted to 13.0 dBm in the waveguide. The corresponding cooperativity reach a value of 0.041, which is significant improved over previously obtained values [42,43]. We note that the cooperativity no longer increases linearly with peak pump power in high power regime.…”

Section: (Awg)supporting

confidence: 58%

“…1, the EO conversion efficiency η increases with the pump photon number. On the TFLN platform, the strong PR effect places a limit on achievable intracavity pump power [42,43]. The PR effect not only destabilizes cavity resonances but also leads to a chargescreening effect which neutralizes the dc-bias field used for tuning the resonances [44].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To tackle this issue, thinfilm Lithium Niobate (TFLN) is a promising candidate because of its strong Pockels nonlinearity [41]. This can lead to significantly larger vacuum coupling rate (g eo ), which has been demonstrated recently [42,43]. Nevertheless, the achieved conversion efficiency is limited to ∼ 10 −5 , which falls far behind the expectation considering the much larger EO coefficient of LN.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Bidirectional interconversion of microwave and light with thin-film lithium niobate

Sayem

Fan

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Superconducting cavity electro-optics presents a promising route to coherently convert microwave and optical photons and distribute quantum entanglement between superconducting circuits over long-distance. Strong Pockels nonlinearity and high-performance optical cavity are the prerequisites for high conversion efficiency. Thin-film lithium niobate (TFLN) offers these desired characteristics. Despite significant recent progresses, only unidirectional conversion with efficiencies orders of magnitude lower than expected has been realized. In this article, we demonstrate the first bidirectional electro-optic conversion in TFLN-superconductor hybrid system, with conversion efficiency improved by more than three orders of magnitude. Our new air-clad device architecture boosts the sustainable intracavity pump power at cryogenic temperatures by suppressing the prominent photorefractive effect that limits cryogenic performance of TFLN, and reaches an efficiency of 1.02% (internal efficiency of 15.2%). This work firmly establishes the TFLN-superconductor hybrid EO system as a highly competitive transduction platform for future quantum network applications.

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Section: (Awg)supporting

confidence: 58%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Bidirectional interconversion of microwave and light with thin-film lithium niobate

Sayem

Fan

et al. 2021

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…To tackle this issue, thin-film LN (TFLN) is a promising candidate because of its strong Pockels nonlinearity 41 . This can lead to a significantly larger vacuum EO coupling rate ( g eo ), which has been demonstrated recently 42 , 43 . Nevertheless, the achieved conversion efficiency is limited to ~ 10 −5 , which is relatively low considering the large EO coefficient of LN.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 72%

“…Nevertheless, the achieved conversion efficiency is limited to ~ 10 −5 , which is relatively low considering the large EO coefficient of LN. It has also been pointed out that the performance of TFLN is largely limited by the prominent photorefractive (PR) effect which is particularly challenging for cryogenic operations 42 – 44 . Though it seems not to be a crucial limitation in the bulk LN 39 , the PR effect in TFLN severely constrains the pump power that can be applied in the integrated device.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bidirectional interconversion of microwave and light with thin-film lithium niobate

Sayem

Fan

et al. 2021

Nat Commun

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Superconducting cavity electro-optics presents a promising route to coherently convert microwave and optical photons and distribute quantum entanglement between superconducting circuits over long-distance. Strong Pockels nonlinearity and high-performance optical cavity are the prerequisites for high conversion efficiency. Thin-film lithium niobate (TFLN) offers these desired characteristics. Despite significant recent progresses, only unidirectional conversion with efficiencies on the order of 10−5 has been realized. In this article, we demonstrate the bidirectional electro-optic conversion in TFLN-superconductor hybrid system, with conversion efficiency improved by more than three orders of magnitude. Our air-clad device architecture boosts the sustainable intracavity pump power at cryogenic temperatures by suppressing the prominent photorefractive effect that limits cryogenic performance of TFLN, and reaches an efficiency of 1.02% (internal efficiency of 15.2%). This work firmly establishes the TFLN-superconductor hybrid EO system as a highly competitive transduction platform for future quantum network applications.

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Spectral Engineering of Optical Microresonators in Anisotropic Lithium Niobate Crystal

Zhang,

Chen,

Sun

et al. 2024

Advanced Materials

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On‐chip optical microresonators are essential building blocks in integrated optics. The ability to arbitrarily engineer their resonant frequencies is crucial for exploring novel physics in synthetic frequency dimensions and practical applications like nonlinear optical parametric processes and dispersion‐engineered frequency comb generation. Photonic crystal ring (PhCR) resonators are a versatile tool for such arbitrary frequency engineering, by controllably creating mode splitting at selected resonances. To date, these PhCRs have mostly been demonstrated in isotropic photonic materials, while such engineering could be significantly more complicated in anisotropic platforms that often offer more fruitful optical properties. Here, we realize the spectral engineering of chip‐scale optical microresonators in the anisotropic lithium niobate (LN) crystal by a gradient design that precisely compensates for variations in both refractive index and perturbation strength. We experimentally demonstrate controllable frequency splitting at single and multiple selected resonances in LN PhCR resonators with different sizes, while maintaining high Q‐factors up to 1 × 106. Moreover, we experimentally construct a sharp boundary in the synthetic frequency dimension based on an actively modulated x‐cut LN gradient‐PhCR, opening up new paths toward the arbitrary control of electro‐optic comb spectral shapes and exploration of novel physics in the frequency degree of freedom.This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved

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Cryogenic microwave-to-optical conversion using a triply resonant lithium-niobate-on-sapphire transducer

Cited by 86 publications

References 78 publications

Bidirectional interconversion of microwave and light with thin-film lithium niobate

Bidirectional interconversion of microwave and light with thin-film lithium niobate

Bidirectional interconversion of microwave and light with thin-film lithium niobate

Spectral Engineering of Optical Microresonators in Anisotropic Lithium Niobate Crystal

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