Cryogenic Exfoliation of 2D Stanene Nanosheets for Cancer Theranostics

Abstract

Stanene (Sn)-based materials have been extensively applied in industrial production and daily life, but their potential biomedical application remains largely unexplored, which is due to the absence of the appropriate and effective methods for fabricating Sn-based biomaterials. Herein, we explored a new approach combining cryogenic exfoliation and liquid-phase exfoliation to successfully manufacture two-dimensional (2D) Sn nanosheets (SnNSs). The obtained SnNSs exhibited a typical sheet-like structure with an average size of ~ 100 nm and a thickness of ~ 5.1 nm. After PEGylation, the resulting PEGylated SnNSs (SnNSs@PEG) exhibited good stability, superior biocompatibility, and excellent photothermal performance, which could serve as robust photothermal agents for multi-modal imaging (fluorescence/photoacoustic/photothermal imaging)-guided photothermal elimination of cancer. Furthermore, we also used first-principles density functional theory calculations to investigate the photothermal mechanism of SnNSs, revealing that the free electrons in upper and lower layers of SnNSs contribute to the conversion of the photo to thermal. This work not only introduces a new approach to fabricate 2D SnNSs but also establishes the SnNSs-based nanomedicines for photonic cancer theranostics. This new type of SnNSs with great potential in the field of nanomedicines may spur a wave of developing Sn-based biological materials to benefit biomedical applications.

Layered post-transition-metal dichalcogenide SnGe2N4 as a promising photoelectric material: a DFT study

“…28 The posttransition metal Sn, in particular, has been shown to exist in a buckled hexagonal structure with mechanical stability and high photothermal activity. [29][30][31] Furthermore, Sn monolayers can combine with other 2D materials like boron nitride and graphene to form multi-plane structures similar to MoSi 2 N 4 -like monolayers. 32,33 To extend the search for new 2D materials, the post-transition metal Sn was designed to replace Mo in the SnGe 2 N 4 monolayer, the characteristics of which were investigated in this paper using rst-principles calculations.…”

Biomaterials and nanomedicine for bone regeneration: Progress and future prospects

“…Two-dimensional (2D) materials such as photothermal therapeutic agents have found a wide of applications in nanomedicine. [46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54][55][56][57] Black phosphorus (BP), is an emerging 2D crystalline material with a unique layered structure, holding great promise for bone regeneration due to its excellent biocompatibility, adjustable bandgap, and high photothermal conversion efficiency. [58][59][60][61][62] Therefore, BP has been widely applied in the fields of cancer therapy, anti-inflammation, and bone regeneration using the highefficiency photothermal conversion of BP under near-infrared (NIR) irradiation (Figure 4A).…”

Facile synthesis of near-infrared responsive on-demand oxygen releasing nanoplatform for precise MRI-guided theranostics of hypoxia-induced tumor chemoresistance and metastasis in triple negative breast cancer

“…Ensuring the O 2 transport stability and rapidity of release was the key aspect for PFCs—based O 2 carrier. It has been reported the near-infrared (NIR)-induced photothermal therapy (PTT) not only could kill the tumor [ 28 – 30 ], but also accelerate O 2 release from PFCs—based O 2 carrier to mitigate tumor hypoxia with remarkably synergistic effects [ 31 , 32 ]. Therefore, sealing off the oxygen in a nanosystem and release it by NIR may be a strategy for delivering O 2 to tumor.…”