Cryogenic DT and D2 targets for inertial confinement fusion

Sangster, T. C.; Betti, R.; Craxton, R. S.; Delettrez, J. A.; Edgell, D. H.; Elasky, L. M.; Glebov, V. Yu.; Goncharov, V. N.; Harding, D. R.; Jacobs‐Perkins, D.; Janezic, R.; Keck, R. L.; Knauer, J. P.; Loucks, S. J.; Lund, L. D.; Marshall, F. J.; McCrory, R. L.; McKenty, P. W.; Meyerhofer, D. D.; Radha, P. B.; Regan, S. P.; Seka, W.; Shmayda, W.T.; Skupsky, S.; Smalyuk, V. A.; Soures, J. M.; Stoeckl, C.; Yaakobi, B.; Frenje, J. A.; Li, C. K.; Petrasso, R. D.; Séguin, F. H.; Moody, J. D.; Atherton, J.; MacGowan, B; Kilkenny, J. D.; Bernat, T. P.; Montgomery, D. S.

doi:10.1063/1.2671844

Cited by 56 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…This suggestion was consistent with observations in Ref. 320 of reabsorption in the continuum x-ray spectrum, from which a much higher peak qR in the compressed core of $190 mg/ cm 2 was inferred.…”

Section: B Cryogenic Implosionssupporting

confidence: 81%

“…8-16. Sangster et al 320 suggested that one possible factor contributing to the low observed values of qR could be "burn truncation," i.e., the fusion yield could have been terminated by inner-surface instability growth before the peak qR was achieved. As a result, the proton-downshift method for measuring qR would sample only lower densities.…”

Section: B Cryogenic Implosionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In 2007, Sangster et al 320 reported DT layers with roughness below 1 lm (rms), the inner-surface smoothness requirement for ignition. They also provided a comprehensive description of the OMEGA cryogenic system and a historical review of cryogenic target development.…”

Section: B Cryogenic Implosionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A comprehensive historical review of the development of cryogenic target systems is given in Ref. 320.…”

Section: Cryogenic Target Formation and Characterizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Laser-facility-based cryogenic target systems were developed for use at KMS Fusion, 304,697 Shiva, 698,699 Novette, 700 OMEGA-24, 307,701 GEKKO XII, 312 OMEGA-60, 320 Nike, 702 and the NIF. 703 Many smaller cryogenic systems (too many to enumerate) were also developed to conduct target science, test cryogenic concepts, and qualify designs for inclusion in the larger systems.…”

Section: Cryogenic Target Formation and Characterizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Direct-drive inertial confinement fusion: A review

et al. 2015

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The direct-drive, laser-based approach to inertial confinement fusion (ICF) is reviewed from its inception following the demonstration of the first laser to its implementation on the present generation of high-power lasers. The review focuses on the evolution of scientific understanding gained from target-physics experiments in many areas, identifying problems that were demonstrated and the solutions implemented. The review starts with the basic understanding of laser–plasma interactions that was obtained before the declassification of laser-induced compression in the early 1970s and continues with the compression experiments using infrared lasers in the late 1970s that produced thermonuclear neutrons. The problem of suprathermal electrons and the target preheat that they caused, associated with the infrared laser wavelength, led to lasers being built after 1980 to operate at shorter wavelengths, especially 0.35 μm—the third harmonic of the Nd:glass laser—and 0.248 μm (the KrF gas laser). The main physics areas relevant to direct drive are reviewed. The primary absorption mechanism at short wavelengths is classical inverse bremsstrahlung. Nonuniformities imprinted on the target by laser irradiation have been addressed by the development of a number of beam-smoothing techniques and imprint-mitigation strategies. The effects of hydrodynamic instabilities are mitigated by a combination of imprint reduction and target designs that minimize the instability growth rates. Several coronal plasma physics processes are reviewed. The two-plasmon–decay instability, stimulated Brillouin scattering (together with cross-beam energy transfer), and (possibly) stimulated Raman scattering are identified as potential concerns, placing constraints on the laser intensities used in target designs, while other processes (self-focusing and filamentation, the parametric decay instability, and magnetic fields), once considered important, are now of lesser concern for mainline direct-drive target concepts. Filamentation is largely suppressed by beam smoothing. Thermal transport modeling, important to the interpretation of experiments and to target design, has been found to be nonlocal in nature. Advances in shock timing and equation-of-state measurements relevant to direct-drive ICF are reported. Room-temperature implosions have provided an increased understanding of the importance of stability and uniformity. The evolution of cryogenic implosion capabilities, leading to an extensive series carried out on the 60-beam OMEGA laser [Boehly et al., Opt. Commun. 133, 495 (1997)], is reviewed together with major advances in cryogenic target formation. A polar-drive concept has been developed that will enable direct-drive–ignition experiments to be performed on the National Ignition Facility [Haynam et al., Appl. Opt. 46(16), 3276 (2007)]. The advantages offered by the alternative approaches of fast ignition and shock ignition and the issues associated with these concepts are described. The lessons learned from target-physics and implosion experiments are taken into account in ignition and high-gain target designs for laser wavelengths of 1/3 μm and 1/4 μm. Substantial advances in direct-drive inertial fusion reactor concepts are reviewed. Overall, the progress in scientific understanding over the past five decades has been enormous, to the point that inertial fusion energy using direct drive shows significant promise as a future environmentally attractive energy source.

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Section: B Cryogenic Implosionssupporting

confidence: 81%

Section: B Cryogenic Implosionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: B Cryogenic Implosionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A comprehensive historical review of the development of cryogenic target systems is given in Ref. 320.…”

Section: Cryogenic Target Formation and Characterizationmentioning

confidence: 99%