Cryogels for biomedical applications

Henderson, Timothy M A; Ladewig, Katharina; Haylock, David N.; McLean, Keith M.; O’Connor, Andrea J.

doi:10.1039/c3tb20280a

Cited by 242 publications

(250 citation statements)

References 128 publications

(162 reference statements)

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“…This is a result of the thin-walled and highly porous structure of these gels imparted through cryopolymerization [19]. Application of a mechanical stress during injection causes rapid efflux of water from the interconnected pores and collapse of the scaffold structure.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Injectable, porous, and cell-responsive gelatin cryogels

et al. 2014

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The performance of biomaterials-based therapies can be hindered by complications associated with surgical implant, motivating the development of materials systems that allow minimally invasive introduction into the host. In this study, we created cell-adhesive and degradable gelatin scaffolds that could be injected through a conventional needle while maintaining a predefined geometry and architecture. These scaffolds supported attachment, proliferation, and survival of cells in vitro and could be degraded by recombinant matrix metalloproteinase-2 and -9. Prefabricated gelatin cryogels rapidly reassumed their original shape when injected subcutaneously into mice and elicited only a minor host response following injection. Controlled release of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor from gelatin cryogels resulted in complete infiltration of the scaffold by immune cells and promoted matrix metalloproteinase production leading to cell-mediated degradation of the cryogel matrix. These findings suggest that gelatin cryogels could serve as a cell-responsive platform for biomaterial-based therapy.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Injectable, porous, and cell-responsive gelatin cryogels

et al. 2014

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“…Since the ice crystals act as the porogens, there is no need to use potentially harmful or difficult to remove solvents and particles to create the desired open porous structure, which is often the case with other pore forming techniques. [15,17] Cryogels have been investigated for use in biomedical applications such as the replacement of bone, [18,19] cartilage, [20,21] neural [22] and skin tissue. [23] Despite the interest in cryogel scaffolds for use in these applications, there is still significant room for further understanding, particularly concerning the physical and chemical properties of these gels and how they can be optimized for specific applications.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Formation and characterisation of a modifiable soft macro-porous hyaluronic acid cryogel platform

Henderson

Ladewig

Haylock

et al. 2015

Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition

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A facile method for the synthesis of cell supportive, highly macro-porous hyaluronic acid (HA) hydrogels via cryogelation is presented. Unmodified HA was chemically cross-linked via EDC/NHS zero-length cross-linking at sub-zero temperatures to yield cryogels with high porosity and high pore interconnectivity. The physical properties of the HA cryogels including porosity, average pore size, elasticity and swelling properties were characterised as a function of cryogelation conditions and composition of the precursor solution. The HA cryogels swell extensively in water, with the average porosities observed being ~90% under all conditions explored. The morphology of the cryogels can be controlled, allowing scaffolds with an average pore size ranging from 18 ± 2 to 87 ± 5 μm to be formed. By varying the cross-linking degree and HA concentration, a wide range of bulk elastic properties can be achieved, ranging from ~1 kPa to above 10 kPa. Preliminary cell culture experiments, with NIH 3T3 and HEK 293 cell lines, performed on biochemically modified and unmodified gels show the cryogels support cell proliferation and cell interactions, illustrating the biomedical potential of the platform.

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“…22 Requirement of gels targeted for tissue engineering and cell in-growth is the ability to form macropores (100-300 mm in size) 17,23 with a high interconnectivity to facilitate the 3D organization of cells and the facilitation of blood vessel in-growth. 24 Hyaluronic scaffolds with macropores have been obtained by lyophilization of preformed gels, 15,19,20 by pattering of gels, 18 or by crosslinking of foams obtained after freezing (100 min) and lyophilization. 23 It is of further advantage if the gels are of high toughness, i.e.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preparation and physical properties of hyaluronic acid‐based cryogels

Ström

Larsson

Okay

2015

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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Macroporous hydrogels based on hyaluronan (HA), a natural polysaccharide occurring in extracellular matrix, have attracted interest over many years owing to their numerous applications in the biomedical area. However, HA hydrogels produced so far suffer from low mechanical strength and slow rate of response against external stimuli, which limit their applications. Here, we prepared macroporous HA cryogels of high mechanical stability and fast responsivity from aqueous HA solutions at subzero temperatures using ethylene glycol diglycidyl ether as a crosslinking agent. HA cryogels are squeezable and no crack development was exhibited when compressed up to 80% strain. Depending on the synthesis parameters, the cryogels exhibit an elastic modulus between 0.2 and 2 kPa, and show fast swelling/deswelling behavior. The microstructure of the cryogels consists of large, interconnected pores on the order of 100 mm separated by thick pore walls, as observed by scanning electron microscopy and confocal scanning laser microscopy.

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Cryogels for biomedical applications

Cited by 242 publications

References 128 publications

Injectable, porous, and cell-responsive gelatin cryogels

Injectable, porous, and cell-responsive gelatin cryogels

Formation and characterisation of a modifiable soft macro-porous hyaluronic acid cryogel platform

Preparation and physical properties of hyaluronic acid‐based cryogels

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