Cryo Electron Tomography Reveals Confined Complex Morphologies of Tripeptide‐Containing Amphiphilic Double‐Comb Diblock Copolymers

Parry, Alison L.; Bomans, Paul H. H.; Holder, Simon J.; Sommerdijk, Nico A. J. M.; Biagini, Stefano C. G.

doi:10.1002/anie.200802834

Cited by 102 publications

(83 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…The block copolymerization of a norbornene derivative having a short peptide with a norbornene having a PEG substituent gives block copolymer 20, consisting of a segment with hydrophilic PEG side chains and a segment with more hydrophobic peptide side chains (Scheme 14). 56,57 The copolymer forms aggregates upon dispersion in water.…”

Section: Synthesis Of Amino Acid-and Peptide-based Polymers By Rompmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent advances in ring-opening metathesis polymerization, and application to synthesis of functional materials

Sutthasupa

Shiotsuki

Sanda

2010

Polym J

328

273

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This article reviews the development of catalysts for ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP), synthesis of polymers bearing amino acids and peptides by ROMP of functionalized norbornenes, formation of aggregates and micelles, and applications of the polymers to medical materials. It also describes the control of monomer unit sequences, that is, living polymerization to synthesize block copolymers, and alternating copolymerization that is achieved on the basis of acid-base interactions. Polymer Journal (2010) 42, 905-915; doi:10.1038/pj.2010.94; published online 13 October 2010Keywords: alternating copolymerization; amino acid; block copolymerization; living polymerization; metathesis catalyst; peptide; ROMP INTRODUCTIONOlefin metathesis reactions are metal-mediated carbon-carbon (C-C) double bond exchange processes, 1,2 which were discovered in the mid 1950s. Chauvin proposed the commonly accepted mechanism for metathesis involving a metallacyclobutane, as illustrated in Scheme 1. 3 Initially, olefin metathesis was regarded as an odd reaction, but now it has undoubtedly established the position as one of the most important C-C bond formation reactions applicable to synthesis of a wide variety of useful products. In the early stages, transition metal chlorides were used as catalysts for the reaction, but the transition metal carbene complex catalysts designed by Schrock and Grubbs have remarkably advanced mechanistic analysis and control of catalytic activity by the choice of ligands. In 2005, Chauvin, Grubbs and Schrock were awarded the Nobel Prize in chemistry for development of the metathesis method in organic synthesis.Olefin metathesis polymerization is an application of metathesis reactions to polymer synthesis and includes ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) and acyclic diene metathesis (ADMET) polycondensation (Scheme 2). ADMET has been extensively developed by Wagener since 1987 4 for the synthesis of polyolefins having regularly spaced functional group branches and high thermal stability and crystallinity. 5,6 ADMET is also useful for synthesizing polymeric materials containing in-chain functionality. Although the general structures of the polymers obtained by ROMP and ADMET are illustratable in the same fashion as shown in Scheme 2, a completely different treatment is necessary from the viewpoint of polymerization kinetics. The former involves chain polymerization, whereas the latter is a step-growth polymerization process.

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Section: Synthesis Of Amino Acid-and Peptide-based Polymers By Rompmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent advances in ring-opening metathesis polymerization, and application to synthesis of functional materials

Sutthasupa

Shiotsuki

Sanda

2010

Polym J

328

273

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“…Furthermore, cryoelectron microscopy (cryo-TEM) and three-dimensional (3D) image reconstruction were used to confirm the spherical micellar morphology and uniformity of the particles and to determine their radial density profile. 11 …”

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Controlling and Switching the Morphology of Micellar Nanoparticles with Enzymes

et al. 2011

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Micelles were prepared from polymer-peptide block copolymer amphiphiles containing substrates for protein kinase A, protein phosphatase-1 and matrix metalloproteinases 2 and 9. We examine reversible switching of the morphology of these micelles through a phosphorylation-dephosphorylation cycle and study peptide-sequence directed changes in morphology in response to proteolysis. Furthermore, the exceptional uniformity of these polymer-peptide particles makes them amenable to cryo-TEM reconstruction techniques lending insight into their internal structure.

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“…Although Moor and Mühlethaler (4) and Dubochet and McDowall (5) followed different postprocessing and imaging routines (freeze-etching versus direct imaging, respectively), the basic principle of both preparation procedures is the same: the physical arresting of the sample in a frozen-hydrated state, which is achieved by the vitrification of the sample within milliseconds, resulting in a sample embedded in amorphous ice, thereby avoiding structural changes due to ice crystal growth. The convincing structural preservation achieved in the case of isolated cell organelles (6,7), viruses (8), bacteria (9,10), eukaryotic cells (11) and other softmatter applications (12), and the technical improvements in sample preparation and handling (13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19), caused this approach to spread out into other fields of microscopy like soft x-ray (20) and light microscopy (21,22), and enabled new hybrid approaches like correlative cryo-light and electron microscopy (23).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A versatile high‐vacuum cryo transfer system for cryo microscopy and analytics

Tacke

Krzyžánek

Nüsse

et al. 2016

European Microscopy Congress 2016: Proceedings

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Cryogenic microscopy methods have gained increasing popularity, as they offer an unaltered view on the architecture of biological specimens. As a prerequisite, samples must be handled under cryogenic conditions below their recrystallization temperature, and contamination during sample transfer and handling must be prevented. We present a high-vacuum cryo-transfer system that streamlines the entire handling of frozen-hydrated samples from the vitrification process to low temperature imaging for scanning transmission electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. A template for cryo-electron microscopy and multimodal cryo-imaging approaches with numerous sample transfer steps is presented.

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Cryo Electron Tomography Reveals Confined Complex Morphologies of Tripeptide‐Containing Amphiphilic Double‐Comb Diblock Copolymers

Cited by 102 publications

References 36 publications

Recent advances in ring-opening metathesis polymerization, and application to synthesis of functional materials

Recent advances in ring-opening metathesis polymerization, and application to synthesis of functional materials

Controlling and Switching the Morphology of Micellar Nanoparticles with Enzymes

A versatile high‐vacuum cryo transfer system for cryo microscopy and analytics

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