“…In this study, the sensitivity of the nominal EXR of five Asian countries, namely Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, and Singapore, to Brent and WTI OPR are analyzed with the Time-Varying Causality tests proposed by Shi et al ( 2018 , 2020 ). Following (Reboredo and Rivera-Castro ( 2013 ); Sun et al ( 2022 ), data on the nominal EXR for Philippine Pesos was collected from Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas BSP ( 2022 ) and the Singapore Dollars, Thai Baht, Malaysian Ringgits, Indonesian Rupiahs were sourced from the Federal Reserve Economic Data (FRED 2022 ). Brent crude oil data were obtained from US Energy Information Administration (EIA 2022 ) following Sarwar et al ( 2020 ); Saidu et al ( 2021 ).…”