Crown Encroachment into Openings Cut in Appalachian Hardwood Stands

Trimble, George R.; Tryon, E. H.

doi:10.1093/jof/64.2.104

Cited by 31 publications

(26 citation statements)

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“…Such conditions occur in single-or multi-cohort, mixed-species stands where interspecific differences in height growth rate and maximum height lead to stratification within the stand (Oliver 1978). Similar patterns may also emerge in trees establishing in small canopy gaps where initial high-light conditions and stem densities within the gap lead to straight stems during early development, but subsequent gap closure through branch extension (Trimble and Tryon 1966) precipitates an architectural shift from orthotropic to plagiotropic leaf display (Hallé et al 1978). Given that most of the study species (excluding the three most shade-intolerant species) had irregular diameter distributions with obvious peaks in the larger size classes (e.g., Hopea, Litsea, Garcinia, Saccopetalum) and distinct peaks in their estimated age distributions, the gapdevelopment explanation would require the near-synchronous establishment of many gaps in the study area-that is, a major catastrophic event-as the principal engine of stand reestablishment.…”

Section: Disturbances and Forest Dynamics Of The Sdefmentioning

confidence: 84%

Disturbance History and Historical Stand Dynamics of a Seasonal Tropical Forest in Western Thailand

Baker

Bunyavejchewin

Oliver

et al. 2005

Ecological Monographs

196

174

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Abstract. Disturbances influence forest dynamics across a range of spatial and temporal scales. In tropical forests most studies have focused on disturbances occurring at small spatial and temporal scales (i.e., gap dynamics). This is primarily due to the difficulty of reconstructing long-term disturbance histories of forests in which most tree species lack annual growth rings. Consequently, the role of past disturbances in tropical forests is poorly understood. We used a combination of direct and indirect methods to reconstruct the historical disturbance regime and stand development patterns in mature and regenerating seasonal dry evergreen forest (SDEF) in the Huai Kha Khaeng Wildlife Sanctuary in western Thailand. Direct estimates of long-term establishment and growth patterns were obtained from 12 tree species that form annual growth rings as a consequence of the region's strong intra-annual rainfall seasonality. Indirect estimates of establishment patterns were obtained from analyses of stand structure and individual tree architecture and application of ageestimation models to 10 dominant canopy-tree species using demographic data from a largescale, permanent forest-dynamics plot.The combination of direct and indirect methodologies revealed a complex disturbance history in the seasonal evergreen forest over the past 250 years. In the mid-1800s, 200-300 ha of forest were destroyed by a catastrophic disturbance, which led to the synchronous establishment of many of the trees that presently dominate the forest canopy. Since then widespread disturbances of variable intensity have occurred at least three times (1910s, 1940s, and 1960s). These disturbances created discrete temporal pulses of establishment in small to large gaps in the forest matrix across several square kilometers. Background mortality and gap formation were evident in every decade since 1790, but these varied in intensity and frequency.The SDEF retains a distinct structural and floristic legacy from the catastrophic disturbance of the mid-1800s. The single-age cohort that established after the disturbance has developed a complex three-dimensional structure as a consequence of differences in interspecific growth patterns of the canopy-tree species and subsequent disturbances of moderate and low intensity. While no single methodological approach provided a complete picture of the disturbance history and stand development patterns of the seasonal evergreen forest, taken together they offered new insights into the long-term dynamics of a primary tropical forest. In particular, the study highlighted the role of disturbance at multiple spatial and temporal scales and varying intensities in determining the structure and composition of a complex, species-rich tropical forest and raises important questions about the role of rare, catastrophic events on tropical forest dynamics.

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Section: Disturbances and Forest Dynamics Of The Sdefmentioning

confidence: 84%

Disturbance History and Historical Stand Dynamics of a Seasonal Tropical Forest in Western Thailand

Baker

Bunyavejchewin

Oliver

et al. 2005

Ecological Monographs

196

174

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…by Quercus prinus L. and Q. rubra L. in the Great Smoky Mountains (Woods & Shanks, 1959). Northern red oak Q. rubra L. significantly surpassed yellow poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera L.) in its capacity for crown encroachment (lateral extension rates are 16.5 cm/year and 9.2 cm/year respectively) in Appalachian hardwood stands (Trimble & Tryon, 1966). The average lateral crown growth toward the small tree gaps of seven tree species in hemlock-hardwood forests in Massachusetts varied from 6 to 14 cm/year (Hibbs, 1982).…”

Section: Interspecific Differences and Cost Of Tree Plasticitymentioning

confidence: 98%

Individual-Based Models and Scaling Methods for Ecological Forestry: Implications of Tree Phenotypic Plasticity

Strigul¹

2012

Sustainable Forest Management - Current Research

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“…To determine if the gap size could have been significantly altered in the analyzed period, we estimated the gap closure rate by measuring the length of the last four GU of the longest branches of each tree oriented to the gap center (sensu Trimble and Tryon, 1966). Additionally, this variable was associated with gap characteristics (i.e.…”

Section: Gap Closure Through Lateral Crown Growthmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…a cutting cycle) the gap size will be reduced to less than a half. While there is no prior information about this process on lenga forests, for some species of the genus Acer, Quercus, Juglans and Betula grown in environmentally similar sites, their growth rates were similar, between 4 and 15 cm/year (Trimble and Tryon, 1966;Runkle, 1982;Runkle and Yetter, 1987).…”

Section: Gap Closing Ratementioning

confidence: 99%

Sapling growth and crown expansion in canopy gaps of Nothofagus pumilio (lenga) forests in Chubut, Patagonia, Argentina.

et al. 2012

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In the province of Chubut in Patagonia, Argentina, Nothofagus pumilio forests (locally known as lenga), are managed through selective cuts, which imply the opening of canopy gaps. This management scheme is carried out without taking into consideration the changes of sapling requirements through either a cutting cycle or the precipitation gradient in which these forests thrive. To analyze these changes, we inferred the facilitation-competition balance between the canopy and regeneration, studying the effects of precipitation levels, gap size and gap age on saplings growth in height on 45 canopy gaps artificially created between 1960 and 1993. Results showed that during the first 20 years since gap opening, growth of regeneration is determined by light availability in mesic sites and by water availability in xeric sites. However, differences due to precipitation levels gradually decrease over time. Moreover, in the period between 20 and 35 years after gap opening, in both mesic and xeric sites, growth is limited by light availability. This indicates that in xeric sites, sapling growth requirements shift from a water-dependent situation to a light-dependent situation. The average closing rate of gaps due to lateral growth of bordering trees is high enough so that within the proposed gap size range, gap healing can occur before regeneration reaches the upper stratum. Consequently, in mesic sites gap opening can be done by a single operation that generates gaps with diameters of approximately twice the average height of the canopy (D/H). While in xeric environments, lenga seedling establishment and initial growth require the cover of small gaps, but advanced regeneration requires bigger gaps to reach the canopy. For this reason, gaps should be opened in two stages: the first gaps should be opened with a D/H between 0.8 and 1, and after a cutting cycle of 35 years, these openings should be enlarged to a D/H between 1.5 and 2. The close relationship maintained between the new cohort and the upper strata require special considerations regarding the evolution of the balance between positive and negative interactions during development. Our work highlights the need to adjust management practices to these spatial and temporal variations to achieve an optimal growth along the entire production cycle.Key words: regeneration; group selection; height growth; stem analysis. ResumenCrecimiento de renuevos y expansión de copas en claros del dosel de bosques de Nothofagus pumilio (lenga) en Chubut, Patagonia, ArgentinaEn la provincia del Chubut, Patagonia Argentina, los bosques de Nothofagus pumilio (lenga) son manejados mediante cortas de selección, que implican la apertura de claros en el dosel. Este esquema de manejo es implementado sin tener en cuenta los requerimientos de los renuevos a lo largo de todo el ciclo de cortas ni el gradiente de precipitaciones presente en su distribución. Para analizar estos aspectos estimamos el balance facilitación-competencia entre el dosel y la regeneración, considerando los efectos d...

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Crown Encroachment into Openings Cut in Appalachian Hardwood Stands

Cited by 31 publications

References 0 publications

Disturbance History and Historical Stand Dynamics of a Seasonal Tropical Forest in Western Thailand

Disturbance History and Historical Stand Dynamics of a Seasonal Tropical Forest in Western Thailand

Individual-Based Models and Scaling Methods for Ecological Forestry: Implications of Tree Phenotypic Plasticity

Sapling growth and crown expansion in canopy gaps of Nothofagus pumilio (lenga) forests in Chubut, Patagonia, Argentina.

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