Crowdsourcing Black Market Prices For Prescription Opioids

Dasgupta, Nabarun; Freifeld, Clark C.; Brownstein, John S.; Menone, Christopher M.; Surratt, Hilary L.; Poppish, Luke; Green, Jody L.; Lavonas, Eric J.; Dart, Richard C.

doi:10.2196/jmir.2810

Cited by 77 publications

(56 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…47 Data on street price, which is expected to reflect local changes in supply and demand, are also collected through the RADARS ® System via a network of participating law enforcement officials, 45 and through online crowd sourcing. 48 Unfortunately, researchers currently do not have access to ARCOS data, and additional data on accessibility are needed to indicate the number of individuals with the opportunity to acquire opioids for nonmedical use. If followed over time, these data could be used to evaluate the impact of supply-focused interventions, and would also allow for the popularity/desirability of pharmaceutical opioids to be examined by comparing rates of accessibility to rates of nonmedical use.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Key Data Gaps Regarding the Public Health Issues Associated with Opioid Analgesics

Schmidt

Haddox

Nielsen

et al. 2014

J Behav Health Serv Res

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Most pharmaceutical opioids are used to treat pain and they have been demonstrated to be effective medications for many. Their abuse and misuse pose significant public health concerns in the United States. Research has provided much insight into the prevalence, scope, and drivers of opioid abuse, but a holistic understanding is limited by a lack of available data regarding key aspects of this public health problem. Twelve data gaps were revealed during the creation of a systems-level computer model of medical use, diversion, nonmedical use, and the adverse outcomes associated with opioid analgesics in the United States. Data specific to these gaps would enhance the validity and real-world applications of systems-level models of this public health problem, and would increase understanding of the complex system in which use and abuse occur. This paper provides an overview of these gaps, argues for the importance of closing them, and provides specific recommendations for future data collection efforts.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Key Data Gaps Regarding the Public Health Issues Associated with Opioid Analgesics

Schmidt

Haddox

Nielsen

et al. 2014

J Behav Health Serv Res

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show abstract

“…This suggests that after interventions focusing on ER formulations such as the introduction of ADFs, IR medications may have higher market value on the streets, or potentially IR medications are being diverted in higher milligram dose forms than in the past. [24] Data from the website StreetRx.com, where users enter the price paid for drugs purchased on the street, show that IR oxycodone has a typical street price 30–35% higher per milligram than ER oxycodone as of 2015. [25]…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Abuse and Diversion of Immediate Release Opioid Analgesics as Compared to Extended Release Formulations in the United States

et al. 2016

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BackgroundTherapeutic use and abuse of prescription opioids in the United States increased substantially between 1990 and 2010. The Centers for Disease Control estimated deaths related to pharmaceutical opioids reached nearly 19,000 in 2014. Of prescription opioids sold, 10% are extended release (ER) and 90% immediate release (IR). However, most regulations and interventions have focused on decreasing ER abuse. Our objective was to compare rates of abuse and diversion of ER and IR opioid analgesics over time using multiple surveillance programs.MethodsRates of abuse and diversion of ER and IR opioid formulations were compared using data from four surveillance programs in the Researched Abuse, Diversion and Addiction Related Surveillance (RADARS®) System. Data were evaluated from 2009 through 2015, and Poisson regression used to compare IR and ER opioid cases over time.ResultsFrom 2009 to 2015, IR opioids were prescribed at a rate 12 to 16 times higher than ER. In the Poison Center Program, population-adjusted rates of Intentional Abuse for IR were 4.6 fold higher than ER opioids (p<0.001). In the Drug Diversion Program, population-adjusted rates of diversion were 6.1 fold higher for IR than ER opioids (p<0.001). In the Opioid Treatment Program, population-adjusted rates of endorsements for abuse were 1.6 fold higher for IR opioids than ER (p = 0.002). In the Survey of Key Informants' Patients Program, population-adjusted rates of endorsements for abuse were 1.5 fold higher for IR opioids than ER (p<0.001).ConclusionsBetween 2009 and 2015, IR opioids were prescribed at a much higher rate than ER opioids. Results from four surveillance programs show population-adjusted rates of prescription opioid abuse were markedly higher for IR than ER medications. For the greatest public health benefit, future interventions to decrease prescription opioid abuse should focus on both IR and ER formulations.

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“…Until it was seized and shut down by Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) in October 2013 (Konrad 2013), it operated as a Tor hidden service for the distribution of ICDs as well as NPSs, but also child pornography, stolen credit cards and weapons (Dasgupta et al 2013). It has been estimated that approximately 220 distinct categories of illicit drugs were sold on this website (Hout & Bingham 2013).…”

Section: Evolution Of the Nps Online Marketplacesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“Spice,” “Kryptonite,” “Black Mamba”: An Overview of Brand Names and Marketing Strategies of Novel Psychoactive Substances on the Web

Corazza

Valeriani

Bersani

et al. 2014

Journal of Psychoactive Drugs

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Introduction: Novel Psychoactive Substances (NPS) are often sold online as 'legal' and 'safer' alternatives to International Controlled Drugs (ICDs) with captivating marketing strategies. Our main aim is to review and summarize such strategies in terms of (i) the appearance of the products,(ii) the brand-names and (iii) the latest trends in the illicit online marketplaces.Methods: Scientific data were searched in PsychInfo and Pubmed databases; results were integrated with an extensive monitoring of Internet (websites, online shops, chat-rooms, fora, social networks) and media sources in 9 languages (English, French, Farsi, Portuguese, Arabic, Russian, Spanish, and Chinese simplified/traditional) available from secure databases of the Global Public Health Intelligence Network. Results:Evolving strategies for the online diffusion and the retail of NPS were identified, including discounts and periodic offers on chosen products. Advertisements and new brand names have been designed to attract customers, especially young people. An increased number of retailers were recorded as well as new web platforms and privacy systems .Discussion: NPS represent an unprecedented challenge in the field of public health with social, cultural, legal and political implications. Web monitoring activities are essential for mapping the diffusion of NPS and for supporting innovative web-based prevention programmes.

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Crowdsourcing Black Market Prices For Prescription Opioids

Cited by 77 publications

References 46 publications

Key Data Gaps Regarding the Public Health Issues Associated with Opioid Analgesics

Key Data Gaps Regarding the Public Health Issues Associated with Opioid Analgesics

Abuse and Diversion of Immediate Release Opioid Analgesics as Compared to Extended Release Formulations in the United States

“Spice,” “Kryptonite,” “Black Mamba”: An Overview of Brand Names and Marketing Strategies of Novel Psychoactive Substances on the Web

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