Crowding norms at frontcountry sites: A visual approach to setting standards of quality

Manning, Robert E.; Freimund, Wayne; Lime, David W.; Pitt, David G.

doi:10.1080/01490409609513271

Cited by 126 publications

(62 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…norm crystallization) regarding acceptable levels of encounters (e.g. Shelby and Vaske, 1991;Basman et al, 1996;Manning et al, 1996;Vaske et al, 1996;Manning, 1999;Cole and Stewart, 2002). In addition, research has shown that when encounters exceed a visitor's norm for seeing others, perceived crowding is higher compared with those who encounter less than their norm.…”

mentioning

confidence: 96%

Site‐specific encounters, norms and crowding of summer visitors at alpine ski areas

Needham

Rollins

Wood

2004

Journal of Tourism Research

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Operating chairlifts at alpine ski areas during the summer to accommodate tourism and recreation activities (e.g. hiking and mountain biking) is increasing in popularity. Increasing summer use, however, may affect the ability of ski areas to sustain acceptable social conditions (e.g. crowding). In addition, little is known about encounters, crowding or acceptable use levels at ski areas during the summer. This article addresses these issues using data from surveys of summer visitors (n = Keywords: crowding; encounters; indicators; norms; ski areas; standards of quality.548 INTRODUCTIONT ourism and recreation at mountain resorts such as Vail (USA), Chamonix (France), and Whistler (Canada) have received considerable attention in the literature (Gill and Hartmann, 1992;Klenosky et al., 1993;Gill and Williams, 1994;Hudson and Shephard, 1998;Gill, 2000;Godde et al., 2000). Alpine ski areas (e.g. Aspen Highlands, USA; Blackcomb and Whistler Mountains, Canada) are focal points of tourism and recreation at mountain resorts, and activities such as skiing and snowboarding have dominated ski areas for decades. Studies have examined the social dimensions (e.g. visitor conflict) of this winter use Ormiston et al., 1998;Vaske et al., 2000;Thapa and Graefe, 2003 Other researchers have examined some biophysical impacts (e.g. trail erosion, vegetation trampling) associated with summer use at ski areas (Price, 1983;Wood, 1987;. Saremba and Gill (1991) and Pickering and Buckley (2003) discussed activities and social impacts (e.g. crowding) related to summer use at ski areas, but their discussions were not based on empirical data. Hence, the social aspects of tourism and recreation at ski areas in the summer season have received little empirical attention. Operating chairlifts at alpine ski areas in the summer to accommodate activities such as hiking and mountain biking is increasing in popularity. For example, 12% of the ski areas in British Columbia (BC), Canada had lifts operating in the summer of 1991. A decade later, summer operations occurred at 65% of these areas (BCALC, 2000). Many alpine ski areas worldwide now have at least one chairlift operating in the summer, with some ski areas receiving over 250 000 visitors each summer (Needham et al., 2004).Increasing use, however, has generated concerns about the ability of ski areas to sustain acceptable levels of social impacts (e.g. visitor crowding) during the summer season (Saremba and Gill, 1991;Pickering and Buckley, 2003;. Research suggests that to manage use in tourism and recreation settings, it is necessary to understand the: (i) number of other people that guests encounter during their visit; (ii) degree to which guests feel crowded during their visit; and (iii) conditions (e.g. use levels) that guests feel are acceptable and unacceptable Manning, 1999;Vaske and Donnelly, 2002). Little is known, however, about crowding, encounters, or the acceptability of use levels at ski areas during the summer season. This article addresses this knowledge gap using data from ...

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confidence: 96%

Site‐specific encounters, norms and crowding of summer visitors at alpine ski areas

Needham

Rollins

Wood

2004

Journal of Tourism Research

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“…As seen from the studies conducted by Manning et al (1996) and Manning (2011), other indicators of a quality experience are related to the number of people in one place at one time (PAOT) or the number of people per view (PPV). The latter is important on small islands because of their visual vulnerability, especially on flat islands.…”

Section: Key Factors In the Analysis Of The Carrying Capacity Of Smalmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recreational carrying capacity on small mediterranean islands

Blasco¹,

Planelles²,

Alonso-Monasterío³

et al. 2016

turismo

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Small islands are areas of high ecological and heritage value as well as tourist attractions for a variety of visitors. Therefore, strict regulation of visits is necessary to minimize the impact of visitors. Studies on Recreational Carrying Capacity are effective tools to manage public use. In the case of small islands, these tools must include restrictive corrective factors related to both the ecological and morphological characteristics of the islands and the psychological comfort of the visitors.Keywords: Recreational Carrying Capacity; Small Islands; Public Use; Tourism. La capacidad de carga recreativa en pequeñas islas del Mediterráneo RESUMENLas pequeñas islas son espacios de alto valor ecológico y patrimonial a la vez que focos de atracción turística para visitantes de perfil variado, lo que hace necesaria una estricta regulación de las visitas que minimice los impactos derivados de éstas. Los estudios de Capacidad de Carga Recreativa constituyen efectivas herramientas para la gestión del uso recreativo que, en el caso de pequeñas islas, deben incluir parámetros correctores restrictivos relacionados, por un lado, con las especiales características ecológicas y morfológicas y, por otro, con aspectos de confort psicológico de los visitantes.

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“…The most widely used measurement of crowding norms involves a visual approach (e. g. Manning, Lime, Freimund, & Pitt, 1996;Manning, Lime, & Hof, 1996;. The commonly used evaluate dimension which have been related to use levels are "preference", "desirability", "ideal", "acceptability", "satisfaction", and "tolerance" (e. g. Hammitt & Rutlin, 1995;Manning et al, 1999;Watson 1995;Young et al, 1991).…”

Section: Norm-measurement Approaches and Their Application In Managemmentioning

confidence: 99%

Actual Use Levels and Perceived Crowding in the Peak Season at Tourist Sites in Xi'an

Qian

Pearce

2011

Journal of China Tourism Research

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As a major destination in China, Xi'an receives around thirty million visitors annually in recent years. Some of the famous sites in Xi'an, such as the "Terracotta Army", have an image of being crowded, especially during the Golden Weeks. There is though little documentation in the tourism literature on visitors' use levels and perceived crowding at Xi'an sites. This study addresses crowding issues from five separate sites in Xi'an. Results showed that tourists' use levels, perceived tolerance and preference differed in the ordinary peak season and the Golden Weeks. Evidence for crowding was confirmed and potential management actions discussed.

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Crowding norms at frontcountry sites: A visual approach to setting standards of quality

Cited by 126 publications

References 26 publications

Site‐specific encounters, norms and crowding of summer visitors at alpine ski areas

Site‐specific encounters, norms and crowding of summer visitors at alpine ski areas

Recreational carrying capacity on small mediterranean islands

Actual Use Levels and Perceived Crowding in the Peak Season at Tourist Sites in Xi'an

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