Crowding effects on the dynamics of COVID-19 mathematical model

Abstract

A disastrous coronavirus, which infects a normal person through droplets of infected person, has a route that is usually by mouth, eyes, nose or hands. These contact routes make it very dangerous as no one can get rid of it. The significant factor of increasing trend in COVID19 cases is the crowding factor, which we named “crowding effects”. Modeling of this effect is highly necessary as it will help to predict the possible impact on the overall population. The nonlinear incidence rate is the best approach to modeling this effect. At the first step, the model is formulated by using a nonlinear incidence rate with inclusion of the crowding effect, then its positivity and proposed boundedness will be addressed leading to model dynamics using the reproductive number. Then to get the graphical results a nonstandard finite difference (NSFD) scheme and fourth order Runge–Kutta (RK4) method are applied.

Spatio-temporal solutions of a diffusive directed dynamics model with harvesting

“…In the future work, we plan to incorporate the COVID-19 models to our model following the recent works [ 45 – 49 ] to have the pandemic impact on the ecological results. To model and analyze the density of the species using fractional order derivative following the recent investigations in [ 50 – 53 ] and along with the idea herein could be a next research avenue.…”

Socio-demographic, lifestyle and health characteristics as predictors of self-reported Covid-19 history among older adults: 2006-2020 Health and Retirement Study

“…Although individual and household-level data linking depressive symptoms and overcrowding to Covid-19 history may be limited, the global literature has established that the Covid-19 pandemic itself may be associated with a greater level of depressive symptoms among adults 28 , 29 , 30 and that its trajectory may be influenced by overcrowding 31 , 32 , 33 potentially worsening health disparities according to race, ethnicity and socioeconomic status 12 . Whereas depressive symptoms may be manifestations of stress, which in turn, could adversely affect immune response against microorganisms, including SARS-CoV-2, overcrowding may increase the opportunity for SARS-CoV-2 exposure potentially leading to a greater frequency of Covid-19 as the number of household members residing with older adults increases.…”

A transmission dynamics model of COVID-19: Case of Cameroon

“…The authors found that mediation strategies such as intensive contact tracing followed by quarantine and isolation can effectively curtail the transmission risk and the control reproduction number. In ( Zhang et al, 2020 ), Zhang and his collaborators thought that the increase in new cases of COVID-19 is due to crowding factor. They developed a mathematical model by using a nonlinear incidence rate and taking into account the aforementioned factors.…”