Crowding and Perceived Travel Time in Public Transit: Virtual Reality Compared With Stated Choice Surveys

Abstract

In-vehicle crowding and travel time are two important factors that determine passenger transportation preferences in public transit. A widely used approach to obtain the relative magnitude of these preferences is the stated choice (SC) survey. However, such imaginary choice situations do not capture automatic cognitive biases during the immersive experience of trips. In a previous study, we used virtual reality (VR) technology to simulate short immersive virtual subway trips with different levels of crowding. We asked participants to indicate the level of pleasantness and estimate the duration of each trip. In this paper, we compare and contrast perceptions of participants in the VR task with preferences in a SC survey taken from the same participants. The SC task consisted of two-alternative choice scenarios, asking for preference between more crowded shorter trips and less crowded longer trips. Discrete choice modeling was used to analyze the SC results. There are two main findings. First, individuals who perceived passenger density more negatively in the SC task also felt more negatively during higher density VR trips. This confirms that hypothetical SC surveys can reflect feelings induced by crowding during more realistic experiences. Secondly, a more crowded VR trip was perceived as longer compared with a less crowded trip, whereas this effect was not reflected in the SC task. It therefore suggests that SC surveys may not be capable of capturing systematic temporal biases induced by crowding. Results shed light on potential caveats of the SC surveys and introduce an avenue for the use of VR in passenger preference research.

Affective experience in a virtual crowd regulates perceived travel time

“…Our results suggest that considering an interaction between passenger density and perceived travel time might improve models. Further comparison of these findings with discrete choice modeling of travel preferences in hypothetical surveys has been reported elsewhere (Sadeghi et al 2022). The results also suggest that the impact of crowding on perceived travel time can be alleviated if public vehicles target design features to make the experience of crowding less unpleasant.…”

Analysis of Passenger Behaviour During the Covid-19 Pandemic Situation

“…We suggest the correlation between the coronavirus fear and the reduction of travel time. Overcrowding in the vehicle and travel time are two critical factors that determine preferences for personal transport in public transport [27,28]. The results demonstrate that preferred means of transport (passenger transport behaviour) affects the importance rate of all factors.…”