Crowd Situations and their Policing from the Perspective of Finnish Police Officers—a Case Study of Finnish Police Knowledge

Saari, Kari

doi:10.1080/14043850903320370

Cited by 9 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Maintaining the level of service during the event involves accessibility to off-venue destinations, awareness of increased workload caused by mass gatherings outside of the area, and the deployment of operative resources in the venue. According to previous studies, mass gatherings mainly increase workload for the EMS, healthcare facilities, and police forces [5,6,8,[10][11][12][14][15][16]20,21,[25][26][27][28][29]31,[48][49][50][51]. This supports the findings of the present study, as the informants pointed out that operative workload during the event builds for EMS and police, whereas the increase in workload for rescue service operative personnel is only minor.…”

Section: Actions During the Eventsupporting

confidence: 90%

“…In addition, mass gatherings create a potential risk for catastrophic accidents, such as human stampedes or being a subject of violent sabotage, which may both lead to a mass casualty incident [1][2][3]; there is also a risk of infectious diseases [4,5]. In addition, mass gatherings can increase police forces' workload [6][7][8]. Issues in fire safety of mass gatherings may cause disastrous consequences and, thus, have an impact on resources for rescue services (term used in this study, equal to fire service) [9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Preparedness for Mass Gatherings: Factors to Consider According to the Rescue Authorities

Koski

Kouvonen

Sumanen

2020

IJERPH

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Background: Mass gatherings cause a need for multi-authority preparedness in order to ensure the safety of the event participants and to minimize delays in response for emergencies. Rescue authorities are key players in the pre-planning phase; however, their own point of view regarding all aspects of preparedness for mass gatherings is not well known. The aim of this study was to investigate what factors, according to the rescue authorities, need to be considered when preparing for mass gatherings. Method: Semi-structured thematic interviews were carried out with the rescue authorities involved in the mass gathering planning process (n = 15). The transcribed material was analyzed using inductive content analysis. Results: Three main categories emerged from the interviews: (1) co-operation in the pre-planning phase, (2) factors to be noted in the emergency plan, and (3) actions during the event. These categories were divided into 11 generic categories, which were further divided into 42 sub-categories. Conclusion: Rescue authorities recognized various factors considering preparedness for mass gatherings. Knowledge considering the dispersion of operative workload during the event needs further investigation in order to facilitate the effective use of limited operative resources.

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Section: Actions During the Eventsupporting

confidence: 90%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preparedness for Mass Gatherings: Factors to Consider According to the Rescue Authorities

Koski

Kouvonen

Sumanen

2020

IJERPH

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“…The findings in this study support previous empirical studies on the area of policing and knowledge, in two ways; first, this study is in line with other scholars (Holgersson et al , 2008; Gundhus, 2012; Holgersson and Gottschalk, 2008; Saari, 2009) who argue that there is a categorization of knowledge among police officers. Second, this study suggests that officers view one type of occupational knowledge as more theoretical and more practical, supported by Holgersson et al (2008).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

“…Qualitative perspectives on how officers themselves describe the nuances of their occupational knowledge, however, are not explored in-depth. For example, Holgersson and Gottschalk (2008) and Saari (2009) describe how officers handle certain situations but do not address how officers themselves describe knowledge and the types of knowledge they perceive to exist in their occupational setting. Policing literature has a wide range of definitions and labels to identify occupational knowledge.…”

Section: Knowledge and Policingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“Black, white and gray”–A qualitative study of how Swedish police officers describe occupational knowledge

Eliasson

2020

PIJPSM

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PurposeThe purpose of this study is to explore how Swedish police officers describe occupational knowledge. By learning more about how officers describe occupational knowledge, the study gives more insight about the types of information that they may be more likely to adopt in their occupational tasks.Design/methodology/approachIn this study, the author conducted 27 semi-structured interviews with Swedish police officers. I asked officers several open-ended questions about their everyday work life and professional experience.FindingsSwedish officers divide knowledge into two categories, which are theoretical knowledge and practical knowledge. Theoretical knowledge is learned in the academy and is described as “black and white,” meaning that it is considered static and not applicable to what happens out in patrol. Practical knowledge is learned in the field from colleagues.Research limitations/implicationsPolice officers around the world have a wide range of requirements and training to become police officers. However, empirical studies have found that officers tend to use different types of information when performing policing tasks. Depending on how information is perceived and is taught, officers may respond differently to different types of knowledge, due to their evaluation of the validity of the knowledge.Originality/valueThe findings in this study support previous empirical studies on the area of policing and knowledge in two ways; first, this study argues that there is a categorization of knowledge among police officers. Second, this study suggests that officers view one occupational knowledge type as more theoretical and one as more practical.

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“…Mass gathering (MG) events may increase the workloads of local emergency services and healthcare facilities [ 1 – 4 ]. The World Health Organization criteria for MGs is that they are organized or spontaneous events where attendance is sufficient to strain local planning and response resources [ 5 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preparedness for mass gatherings: rescue and emergency medical services’ workloads during mass gathering events

Koski

Pappinen

Kouvonen

et al. 2022

Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med

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Background Mass gathering (MG) events may cause delayed emergency responses via various mechanisms and strain the resources of local emergency services. Therefore, preparedness, including adequate pre-planning and sufficient resourcing during MG events, is vital. The aim of this retrospective register study was to investigate the impact of MG events on the workload of rescue and emergency medical service (EMS) personnel during events to enable more precise and sufficient deployment of these authorities’ operative resources. Methods The data from Finland covered of 25,124 EMS and rescue service missions during a three-year period (2015–2017), including data from nine MG events and reference material for the same weekdays two weeks before and after the event. The data were analysed through statistical and geospatial analyses. Results Our findings showed that missions increased in most events included in this study. Analysis of the missions’ reasons showed that the categories of violence, traffic accidents and other accidents and injuries increased during events, with violence-related missions showing the highest relative risk (RR 1.87, 95% CI 1.43–2.44). In the four-grade (A–D) urgency grading, the analysis showed an increase in category C missions and a decrease in non-urgent category D missions. The analysis indicated an increase in missions during the evening and night-time. The geospatial analysis revealed dense hotspots of missions in the vicinity of the event area. Conclusion The workload for EMS and rescue service personnel increases during MG events. Most of the increase is allocated to EMS staff, peaking in evening and night hours. The geospatial analysis showed hotspots of missions on the outskirts of the actual event area during events; thus, the workload can also increase for those authority resources that are not directly allocated to the event. Detailed information regarding workloads is valuable for the authorities that are responsible for resource planning and preparedness for MG events. Replicating the study internationally would improve the methodology for the future.

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Crowd Situations and their Policing from the Perspective of Finnish Police Officers—a Case Study of Finnish Police Knowledge

Cited by 9 publications

References 20 publications

Preparedness for Mass Gatherings: Factors to Consider According to the Rescue Authorities

Preparedness for Mass Gatherings: Factors to Consider According to the Rescue Authorities

“Black, white and gray”–A qualitative study of how Swedish police officers describe occupational knowledge

Preparedness for mass gatherings: rescue and emergency medical services’ workloads during mass gathering events

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