Crotamiton-loaded tea tree oil containing phospholipid-based microemulsion hydrogel for scabies treatment: in vitro , in vivo evaluation, and dermatokinetic studies

Abstract

Crotamiton (CRT) is a commonly approved drug prescribed for the scabies treatment in many countries across the globe. However, poor aqueous solubility and low bioavailability, and side effects restrict its use. To avoid such issues, an appropriate carrier system is necessary which can address the aforementioned challenges for attaining enhanced biopharmaceutical attributes. The current study intends to provide a detailed account on the development and evaluation of CRT-loaded microemulsion (ME) hydrogel formulation containing tea tree oil (TTO) for improved drug delivery for scabies treatment in a safe and effective manner. Pseudo-ternary phase diagrams were constructed with TTO as the oily phase, and Cremophor ® EL was used as the surfactant in a mass ratio 2:1 with co-surfactants (mixture of phospholipid 90G and Transcutol ® P), and aqueous solution as the external phase. The optimized drug-loaded ME formulation was evaluated for skin penetration, retention, compliance, and dermatokinetics. The nonirritant behavior of the formulation was revealed by skin histopathology, which showed no changes in normal skin histology. In comparison to the conventional product, dermatokinetic experiments revealed that CRT has greater penetration and distribution in the epidermis of the mice skin. The findings imply that the proposed lipid-based ME hydrogel can aid in the resolution of CRT issues by providing a better and safer delivery option to epidermis and deeper epidermis in substantial quantities.

Preparation, Characterization, and Evaluation of Curcumin–Graphene Oxide Complex-Loaded Liposomes against Staphylococcus aureus in Topical Disease

“…The optical photomicrographs showed that the liposomes had a consistent vesicular shape, homogeneity, and no aggregation was observed (as shown in Figure A). Thus, this finding is supported with the similar findings observed in the published literature …”

“…Both selected excipients are to play an important role in the development of liposomes. The higher solubility of the drug in lipids and solvents is an important consideration in topical permeation and drug deposition into the skin …”

“…These include psoriasis, eczema, sunburn, leprosy, cellulitis, lupus, and many more. Some common bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, and so forth cause severe skin infections and are very common. , The common infections that they cause on skin and soft tissue are impetigo, folliculitis, furuncles, cellulitis, scalded skin syndrome, and many more. − There are many treatments and drugs present in the current scenario to deal with these diseases, but they have several issues like adverse effects and limited therapeutic benefits, which requires improvements and changes for the betterment of patients. − An alternative is the use of phytoconstituents, which is widely employed in topical disease and has gained wider attention. , Curcumin (CUR) is a lipophilic polyphenol, a yellow–orange natural pigment found in the roots of Curcuma longa, which is the primary source. , There are various studies reported about its antibacterial action against Gram-positive cocci Staphylococcus aureus and Gram-negative bacteria entitled Escherichia coli and so forth. , Its therapeutic action has been restricted because of poor solubility, low topical permeability, and inappropriate pharmacokinetic profile. , Currently, a large number of nanocarriers are being used for the delivery of numerous therapeutic molecules including phytoactives; among these nanocarriers, graphene oxide (GO) has become a potential candidate for drug delivery . GO is an amphiphilic, high-surface-area substance that has considerable potential as a functional carrier for drug delivery. , Additionally, GO is used for the antimicrobial action because of various physicochemical properties that influence the form of physical interactions with bacterial cells, such as solubility, dispersion, morphology, and size .…”

Hispolon-Loaded Liquid Crystalline Nanoparticles: Development, Stability, In Vitro Delivery Profile, and Assessment of Hepatoprotective Activity in Hepatocellular Carcinoma

“…The in vitro drug release for HP was determined by using a dialysis method as per the procedure described in the literature. − The dialysis tube (MWCOs 14 kD, Sigma, USA) was pretreated in distilled water at least overnight prior to performing the drug release study. The optimized LCNP formulation (HP5) equivalent to 20 mg of HP and pure drug (20 mg) taken in the dialysis tube were suspended in the SGF (pH 1.2) and SIF (pH 6.8) containing 2% IPA and kept under stirring at 100 rpm on a water shaker bath maintained at 37.0 ± 1 °C.…”

Insights from a Box–Behnken Optimization Study of Microemulsions with Salicylic Acid for Acne Therapy

“…The method of preparation was based on the aqueous titration method, under magnetic stirring at 900 rpm. It was adapted to the experimental conditions, including in this case, a short period of heating, under a controlled temperature, at 70 • C. Chen L. et al, reported the use of heating in their preparation step to support a better homogenization of samples [72]. In such a way, in our study, heating was helpful to assure the melting of lecithin and its homogenization with the oil phase and further components.…”