Crosstalk between ILC2s and Th2 CD4+ T Cells in Lung Disease

Abstract

Cytokine secretion, such as interleukin-4 (IL-4), IL-5, IL-9, IL-13, and amphiregulin (Areg), by type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) is indispensable for homeostasis, remodeling/repairing tissue structure, inflammation, and tumor immunity. Often viewed as the innate cell surrogate of T helper type 2 (Th2) cells, ILC2s not only secrete the same type 2 cytokines, but are also inextricably related to CD4+T cells in terms of cell origin and regulatory factors, bridging between innate and adaptive immunity. ILC2s interact with CD4+T cells to play a leading role in a variety of diseases through secretory factors. Here, we review the latest progress on ILC2s and CD4+T cells in the lung, the close relationship between the two, and their relevance in the lung disease and immunity. This literature review aids future research in pulmonary type 2 immune diseases and guides innovative treatment approaches for these diseases.

Exacerbated lung inflammation following secondary RSV exposure is CD4+ T cell-dependent and is not mitigated in infant BALB/c mice born to PreF-vaccinated dams

“…Despite a persistent elevation of IL-13 + hILC2s in mAlum versus mVeh groups, IL-13 + hILC2s were reduced in both groups following CD4 + T cell depletion and was associated with a marked reduction in mucus metaplasia in both groups. These findings are consistent with previously published results showing that depletion of Th2 cells during RSV infection inhibits ILC2 activation and secretion of type 2 cytokines, leading to a reduction in disease severity ( 42 , 55 ). However, the parallel decrease in ILC2s in the absence of CD4 + T cells confounds the direct contribution of CD4 + T cells versus their maintenance, expansion, and activation of ILC2s to the observed immunopathology in our model.…”

Case report: Successful treatment of acute generalized pustular psoriasis with multiple comorbidities with oral tacrolimus

“…Cytokines, such as IL-36 and TNF-α, activate a broad spectrum of immune and non-immune cells that control various inflammatory processes in the skin, angiocarpy, lung, liver, and kidney ( 22 ). T cells are critical drivers of related organ damage by directly promoting inflammation and cytotoxicity or via supporting B-cell differentiation and antibody production ( 23 – 25 ).…”

Amphiregulin in lung diseases: A review

“…Lung disease can be caused by a variety of factors, such as bacterial or viral infections, autoimmune factors, systemic diseases, and lung tumors. [ 18 ] The lung diseases caused by these factors are closely related to AREG.…”