Crosstalk between Acidosis and Iron Metabolism: Data from In Vivo Studies

Abstract

Iron absorption requires an acidic environment that is generated by the activity of the proton pump gastric H(+)/K(+)ATPase (ATP4), expressed in gastric parietal cells. However, hepcidin, the iron regulatory peptide that inhibits iron absorption, unexpectedly upregulates ATP4 and increases gastric acidity. Thus, a concept of link between acidosis and alterations in iron metabolism, needs to be explored. We investigated this aspect in-vivo using experimental models of NH4Cl-induced acidosis and of an iron-rich diet. Under acidosis, gastric ATP4 was augmented. Serum hepcidin was induced and its mRNA level was increased in the liver but not in the stomach, a tissue where hepcidin is also expressed. mRNA and protein levels of intestinal DMT1(Divalent Metal Transporter 1) and ferroportin were downregulated. Serum iron level and transferrin saturation remained unchanged, but serum ferritin was significantly increased. Under iron-rich diet, the protein expression of ATP4A was increased and serum, hepatic and gastric hepcidin were all induced. Taken together, these results provide evidence of in-vivo relationship between iron metabolism and acidosis. For clinical importance, we speculate that metabolic acidosis may contribute in part to the pathologic elevation of serum hepcidin levels seen in patients with chronic kidney disease. The regulation of ATP4 by iron metabolism may also be of interest for patients with hemochromatosis.

Iron Overload Accompanying Extracellular Acidosis and Neurodegeneration

“…Thus, one sees an important relationship between acidosis and insulin metabolism or insulin receptor signalling, given that insulin induces the activation of glycolysis to counteract acidosis, and acidosis possibly enhances insulin resistance through the NF-κB inflammatory pathway [59]. Afterwards, as we discussed above, a crosstalk between iron and metabolic pathways was depicted in studies in vivo related to the requirement for an acidic environment for iron absorption from dietary sources and generated by the activity of the proton pump gastric H(+)/K(+)ATPase (ATP4), expressed in gastric parietal cells [32].…”

Iron homeostasis imbalance and ferroptosis in brain diseases

“…69 In addition, Fe 2+ can be released even after bounding to FT, which will be potentiated especially when the intracellular fluid gets acidic and in the presence of superoxide radicals. 70,71 The limited iron excretion is related to Fpn1 dysfunction. Recently, evidence shows that the microtubule-associated protein tau, which regulates the stability and dynamics of microtubules in neurons, is closely related to the function of Fpn1.…”

“…The concentration of labile iron increased significantly along with reduced content of FT 6 h after middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO), suggesting that the course of ferritinophagy in cortical neurons is highly activated by stroke 69 . In addition, Fe 2+ can be released even after bounding to FT, which will be potentiated especially when the intracellular fluid gets acidic and in the presence of superoxide radicals 70,71 …”

“… 69 In addition, Fe 2+ can be released even after bounding to FT, which will be potentiated especially when the intracellular fluid gets acidic and in the presence of superoxide radicals. 70 , 71 …”